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. 2020 Jan 8;10:48. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56880-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Palmitate and cholinergic agonists modulate the inflammatory pathway and insulin resistance in hepatocyte lineage. α7nAChR (a), pJNK (b) evaluated by Western blot (WB), and IL-6 (c) and TNF-α (d) mRNA levels evaluated by RT-PCR, and pAKT (e) evaluated by WB in hepatoma cells lineage, Hepa-1c1c7 (ATCC® CRL-2026™), after treatment with palmitate (500 µM) for 3 hours and nicotine (1 µM) or PNU (1 µM) for 15 minutes, or insulin (100 nM) for 10 minutes. The percent expression of control (GAPDH) is shown (means ± SD, n = 3 independent experiments with triplicate each). Statistical significance was analysed by ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).