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. 2020 Jan 8;6:4. doi: 10.1038/s41531-019-0105-5

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© This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A schematic overview of the primary motor circuits in the basal ganglia, the indirect (left) and direct (right) pathways. Note, pathways crossing sides does not imply decussation, rather the contralateral connections separate the indirect and direct pathways. Excitatory connections are depicted in green with triangle ends, inhibitory connections are depicted in red with “T” ends. Not all connections are depicted, including but not limited to, all connections from thalamus to cortex, all connections from cortex to striatum, connections to/from caudate nucleus (tail), connections from cortex to brainstem, and inputs to SNpc (pictured in the inset). Inset: a schematic overview of inputs to SNpc found in literature. The PPN is located caudal to the substantia nigra and inputs are depicted as such. Inputs from the caudate nucleus (tail) is not pictured, and not all inputs from the cortex are depicted. Merging of signals from the cortex or caudate/putamen are done for illustrative purposes. D1; D1 receptors; D2; D2 receptors; DA dopamine; ENK enkephalin; GLU glutamate; NUC nucleus; PPN pedunculopontine nucleus; SP substance P; SUB substantia.