Fig. 3. Dynamics of carbon stocks for different types of land use.

a C stocks estimated from MODIS data are shown for the first year of study in 2002 in grey, with consecutive gross gains and losses for 2002–2017 in green and orange, respectively. b Net changes in C density (2002–2017) from MODIS data. Error bars are the temporal uncertainty based on the RMSE with SMOS estimates. c Annual increase in C stocks for each land use type in Pg C year⁻¹ on the right-hand axis and as fraction of fossil CO₂ emissions for the eight provinces and for China on the left-hand axis (2002–2015). Pixel number for eight provinces = 8,573,649. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.