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. 2019 Apr 19;11(1):23–33. doi: 10.1007/s13238-019-0625-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Derivation of mouse haploid embryonic stem cells (haESCs). (A) Derivation strategies of parthenogenetic haESCs (phESCs) and androgenetic haESCs (ahESCs). Parthenogenetic haploid blastocysts are developed from artificially activated MII oocytes. Androgenetic embryos can be obtained by injecting sperm into the enucleated MII oocytes or removing the female pronucleus from fertilized oocytes. The resulting haploid blastocysts are subsequently cultured to develop haESC lines. (B) The haESC lines of different mammalian species have been generated