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. 2019 Aug 8;29(1):55–62. doi: 10.1007/s10068-019-00647-z

Table 1.

Volatile composition of two butters using SPME and SDE (n = 3)

Compounds RI RI′ Thresholds (mg/kg) SDE SPME
Estimated contents (μg/kg) OAVs Estimated contents (μg/kg) OAVs
B1 B2 B1 B2 B1 B2 B1 B2
Methyl ketones
2-Pentanone 961 978a 61d 207.72 ± 25.09 192.78 ± 9.81 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 NI NI NI NI
2-Methyl-3-pentanone 1041 NA NA 21.87 ± 5.84 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI
2-Hexanone 1063 1046a NA 18.53 ± 0.55 24.11 ± 0.37** NI NI NI NI NI NI
3-Penten-2-one 1103 1121a NA 13.94 ± 0.34 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI
2-Heptanone 1170 1180a 15d 788.56 ± 54.46 688.42 ± 41.61 0.05 ± 0.00 0.05 ± 0.00 NI NI NI NI
2-Octanone 1263 1283a 2.5d NI 18.74 ± 0.95 NI 0.01 ± 0.00 NI NI NI NI
2-Nonanone 1371 1389a 7.7d 526.76 ± 35.23 496.72 ± 37.23 0.07 ± 0.00 0.06 ± 0.00 84.10 ± 39.89 193.54 ± 11.83 0.01 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.00
2-Undecanone 1579 1596a 100d 400.54 ± 36.26 382.68 ± 32.55 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 NI NI NI NI
2-Tridecanone 1788 1817a 182d 401.97 ± 48.82 362.97 ± 39.01 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 NI NI NI NI
2-Pentadecanone 2000 2022b NA 464.25 ± 54.24 386.08 ± 51.71 NI NI NI NI NI NI
In total 2844.16 2552.50 84.10 193.54
Lactones
δ-Hexalactone 1737 NA 5f NI NI NI NI 105.07 ± 44.42 152.18 ± 73.78 0.02 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.01
δ-Octanolactone 1913 1902b 0.1f NI NI NI NI 329.35 ± 149.27 551.04 ± 238.57 3.29 ± 1.49 5.51 ± 2.39
δ-Decalactone 2143 2203c 1f 40.07 ± 2.97 50.69 ± 7.50 0.04 ± 0.00 0.05 ± 0.00 576.37 ± 276.99 1122.93 ± 473.60 0.58 ± 0.28 1.12 ± 0.47
γ-Dodecalactone 2325 NA 1f NI 53.05 ± 5.88 NI 0.05 ± 0.00 NI NI NI NI
δ-Dodecalactone 2375 2490b 10f 102.35 ± 16.86 108.35 ± 11.59 0.01 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.00 197.18 ± 95.13 459.31 ± 314.85 0.02 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.03
δ-Tetradecalactone 2607 NA 50f 49.11 ± 7.51 53.15 ± 5.49 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 NI NI NI NI
In total 191.53 265.24 1207.96 2285.46
Fatty acids
Butanoic acid 1586 1629b 0.66d NI NI NI NI 268.81 ± 84.52 437.55 ± 156.60 0.41 ± 0.13 0.66 ± 0.24
Hexanoic acid 1802 1856b 2.50d NI NI NI NI 324.58 ± 137.69 1037.92 ± 420.6 0.13 ± 0.06 0.42 ± 0.17
Octanoic acid 2018 2069b 350d NI NI NI NI 655.62 ± 431.29 1310.74 ± 694.61 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Decanoic acid 2228 2282b 200d NI NI NI NI 870.48 ± 526.82 1719.04 ± 749.58 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Dodecanoic acid 2444 2551b 700d 40.85 ± 5.03* 18.43 ± 2.64 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 298.63 ± 202.38 456.10 ± 212.02 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Tetradecanoic acid 2652 NA 5000d 67.00 ± 8.15* 39.67 ± 1.28 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 263.18 ± 103.35 295.88 ± 137.04 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Hexadecanoic acid 2864 NA 10000d 314.43 ± 33.46* 227.00 ± 15.33 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 710.30 ± 92.69 940.17 ± 359.65 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
In total 422.28 285.11 3391.60 6197.41
Aldehydes
Nonanal 1373 1394a NA NI 20.19 ± 1.82 NI NI 484.79 ± 198.55 1392.47 ± 1124.52 NI NI
Decanal 1475 1495a 2e NI NI NI NI 187.17 ± 72.82 356.13 ± 178.10 0.09 ± 0.04 0.22 ± 0.04
(E)-2-Nonenal 1505 1447a 45 g NI NI NI NI 58.65 ± 26.50 NI 0.00 ± 0.00 NI
In total 201.9 730.61 1748.60
Others
Toluene 1014 1035a NA NI NI NI NI 1000.72 ± 451.64 458.04 ± 243.77 NI NI
1,2-Dutanediol 1143 NA NA NI 14.35 ± 3.59 NI NI NI NI NI NI
D-Limonene 1183 NA 10e 30.03 ± 8.81 13.89 ± 5.16 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 NI NI NI NI
Styrene 1230 NA NA NI 21.29 ± 3.26 NI NI 228.87 ± 77.85 579.65 ± 243.13 NI NI
Ethyl caprylate 1415 NA NA NI NI NI NI 75.08 ± 37.99 NI NI NI
Furfural 1423 1456a NA NI NI NI NI NI 84.14 ± 35.48 NI NI
Benzaldehyde 1481 1515a NA NI NI NI NI 136.08 ± 47.11 346.76 ± 119.41 NI NI
2-Furanmethanol 1624 NA NA 50.95 ± 2.22 80.43 ± 40.81 NI NI NI NI NI NI
2,4-Dimethyl-benzaldehyde 1764 NA NA 16.90 ± 5.51 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI
Dimethyl sulfone 1838 NA NA NI NI NI NI 181.12 ± 76.35 445.04 ± 250.85 NI NI
Phenol 1953 2051a NA NI NI NI NI 23.79 ± 9.59 NI NI NI

a–cRIs were mainly gathered from an online database (http://www.odour.org.uk) and the literature (Peterson and Reineccius, 2003b; Wang and Xu, 2009); d–gThreshold values were gathered from literature (Mallia et al., 2007; Urbach et al., 1972) and the online database (http://www.odour.org.uk)

NA, not available; NI, not identified

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01