Table 3.
Comprehensive list of piezoelectric polymeric fibers fabricated by electrospinning techniques for energy harvesting applications.
| Polymer | Solvent | Additive | Comments | Fiber properties |
Ref. | Potential applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PVDF(Mw = 172,000) | DMF:acetone (4:6 v/v) | - | C = 16% (w/w), V = 40–60 kV, d = 16 cm, rotating speed = 100 rpm | Fiber diameter: 539 nm | [19] | Energy harvesting application |
| PVDF (Mw = 275,000) | DMF:acetone (4:6 v/v) | - | C = 16%, 20%, 26%, V=9, 15, 21 kV, d = 15 and 17 cm, flow rate = 1 ml h−1 | Fiber diameter: 230–810 nm | [122] | Energy harvesting application |
| PVDF | DMF:acetone (6:4 w/w) | - | C = 12%, 18%, 22% (w/w), V=15 kV, d = 20 cm, feed rate = 0.05 ml min−1. | Fiber diameter: 70– 400 nm | [123] | Energy generators and harvesters |
| PVDF (Mw = 46,000 g∙mol−1) | DMF:acetone | - | V = 18 kV, d = 15 cm, flow rate = 0.5 ml h−1, speed = 400 rpm | Fiber diameter: 124 nm | [124] | Energy harvesting application |
| PVDF | DMAC:acetone (4:6 v/v) | - | C = 16% (w/w), V = 30 kV, d = 12 cm, flow rate = 1.0 ml h−1 | PVDF | [125,126] | In vivo biomechanical energy harvesting and human motion monitoring |
| P(VDF-TrFE) (70:30) | DMF:acetone | - | P(VDF-TrFE):DMF:acetone 20:56:24 (w/w/w), V = 28 kV, d = 14 cm, flow rate = 150 μl h−1, speed= 4100 rpm | Fiber diameter: 509 nm | [12] | Energy harvesting devices |
| P(VDF–TrFE) (70:30) | DMF:acetone (3:7 v/v) | - | C = 20%, V= 25 kV, d = 25 cm, speed: 120 and 4300 rpm | Fiber diameter: 200−600 nm, coil diameter: 306 μm, yarn diameter: 175 μm, d33 = 37−48 pmV−1 | [128] | Energy harvesting application |
| P(VDF–TrFE) (70:30) | - | - | C = 20 w%, V = 28 kV, d = 20 cm, flow rate = 170 μl h−1, rotational speed: 5500 rpm | - | [129] | Energy harvesting application |
| P(VDF–TrFE) (70:30) | DMF:acetone (8:2) | - | Electrospinning + hot-pressing, C = 12% and 18% (w/w), V = 15 kV, d = 15 cm | Porous membranes with d33: 13.7 for C = 18% (w/w) and d33: 11.2 for C = 12% (w/w) | [127] | Energy harvesting application |
| PVDF | DMF:acetone (6:4 w/w) | Inorganic salts | C = 10% (w/w), V = 18 kV, d = 15 cm, flow rate = 1 ml h−1 | - | [130] | Energy-scavenging devices and portable sensors |
| PVDF | DMF | BaTiO3/PVDF 1:10 (w/w) | V = 15 kV, d = 10–15 cm, feeding rate = 0.5 ml h−1 | Fiber diameter: 110.4 ± 48.2 nm | [131] | Energy harvesting application |
| PVDF | DMF | BaTiO3 30% (w/w) of the total PVDF | C = 18% (w/w), V = 18 kV, d = 15 cm, flow rate= 0.12 ml min−1 | Fiber diameter of BaTiO3: 110 ± 40 nm, d33: 50 pmV−1 | [132] | Energy harvesting application |
| PVDF (Mw = 172,000) | DMF:acetone (8:2 w/w) | NaNbO3 (mass ratio 5:100) | C = 18% (w/w), V = 25 kV, d = 15 cm | - | [133] | Energy harvesting application |
| PVDF | DMSO | (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 (NKN) 50wt% | V = 18 kV, d = 10 cm, flow rate: 1.5 ml h−1 | d33 after poiling:25 pC N−1 | [118] | Sensors in ubiquitous networks |
| P(VDF-TrFE) (70:30) | DMF:MEK (7:3 v/v) | 0 up to 20% ceramic content (w/w) | C = 15% (w/w), V = 20 and 35 kV, d = 10–30 cm, flow rate: 0.5–8.0 ml h−1 | Fiber diameter: 469 ± 136 nm | [134] | Energy harvesting application |
| PVDF (Mw = 495,000 g∙mol−1) | DMF | Cellulose nanocrystal PVDF/CN (C = 0%, 1%, 3%, 5% w/w) | C = 13% (w/w), V = 15 kV, d = 15 cm, flow rate = 1 ml h−1 | Average diameter: 0.439–0.559 μm, electrical conductivity: 5.82–60.17 μS | [135] | Energy harvester application |
| P(VDF-TrFE) 65:35 (w/w%) | DMF | MWNTs | V = 20 kV, d = 7 cm | Fiber diameter: 500 nm to 1 μm, of MWNTs | [136] | Smart fabric with applications in energy harvesting |
| PVDF (Mw = 534,000 g∙mol−1) | DMF:acetone (4:6) | ZonylUR as fluoro surfactant | C = 4%, 16%, 80% (w/w), V = 15 kV, d = 15 cm, flow rate = 0.5 ml h−1, rotating speed = 800 rpm | Fiber diameter: 84.6 ± 23.5 nm, β-phase fraction:80%, d33 = −33 pC N−1 | [137] | Energy generator |
| PVDF (Mw = 46,000) | DMF:acetone (70:30 v/v) | - | C = 20 % w/w, V = 15 kV, d = 15 cm, flow rate = 0.5 ml h−1, rotational speed = 180 rpm | Fiber diameter: 124 nm, electrical output: 1 V | [138] | Nano generator for designing flexible power source for smart and wearable electronic textiles applications |
| PVDF | DMF:acetone (6:4 w/w) | - | C = 10% (w/w), V = 20 kV, d: 15 cm, flow rate = 1 ml h−1 | - | [139] | Nano-generator |
| PVDF (Mw = 46,000 g.mol−1) | Acetone:DMF (4:6 v/v) | - | C = 26% (w/w), V=20 kV, d = 15 cm, flow rate = 0.5 ml h−1, rotating speed: 216 rpm | Fiber diameter: 812 ± 123 nm, output voltage: 0.028 V | [140] | Nano-generator |
| PVDF | DMF | - | - | Fiber diameter: 183 ± 37 nm, voltage output: 4 V | [141] | Nano-generator |
| PVDF (Mw = 534000) | DMF:acetone (3:7 v/v) | - | C = 15% (w/w), V = 12 kV, d = 15 cm, feed rate: 50 ml min−1 | - | [142] | Nano-generator for concurrently harvesting biomechanical and biochemical Energy |
| P(VDF-TrFE) (55:45) | DMF:acetone (45:55 w/w) | - | C = 15% (w/w), V = 10 kV, d = 10 cm, flow rate = 0.4 ml h−1. | - | [143] | Nano-generator |
| PVDF (Mw = 534,000 g∙mol−1) | DMF:acetone (4:6 v/v) | (ZnO, CNT, LiCl, PANI) | C = 16% (w/w), d = 20 cm, flow rate= 0.3 ml h−1, rotational speed: 180 rpm | Fiber diameter: 504.89 nm-39.69 μm | [144] | Nano-generator |
| PVDF (Mw = 534,000 g mol−1) | DMF:Acetone (6:4 v/v) | LiCl | C = 16% (w/w), V = 20 kV, d = 20 cm, flow rate = 0.3 ml h−1 | Coupling coefficient e31 = 189.68 and e33= 534.36 | [145] | Nano-generator |
| PVDF | - | - | Near-field electrospinning | Fiber diameter: 500 nm to 6.5 μm | [146] | Nano-generator |
| PVDF | - | - | Near-field electrospinning | Fiber diameter: 900 nm to 2.5 μm | [147] | Nano-generator |
| PVDF/PMLG (poly (γ-methyl L-glutamate)) | - | - | Near-field electrospinning V=10–16 kV, d= 1–2 mm | Output voltage: 0.019–0.185 V, energy conversion efficiency is 3.3% | [148] | Energy harvester |
| PVDF | DMF | - | Hollow cylindrical near-field electrospinning (HCNFES), C = 18% (w/w), V = 10–16 kV, d = 0.5 mm, rotational speed = 900 and 1900 rpm | 200 nm to 1.16 μm | [146] | Energy harvester |
[Mw = molecular weight; d = working distance; C = concentration (polymer/solvent), v = volume, w = weight, V = potential, NP = nanoparticles, rpm =rounds per minute; Dimethylformamide (DMF); Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)].