Table 5.
List of piezoelectric polymeric fibers fabricated by different electrospinning approaches.
| Polymer | Solvent | Additive | Production condition | Fiber properties |
Ref. | Electrospinning Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PVDF (Mw= 534.000) | Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO:acetone 1:1 w/w) | - | C=16% (w/w), V=1.1 kV, d=1-mm, flow rate = 35 mm s−1 | Single fiber diameter: 550 nm, d33 = −57.6 pmV−1 | [149] | Near-field electrospinning |
| PVDF (Mw = 534,.000) | DMSO:acetone | MWCNT | C = 16%, 18 %, 20% (w/w), V = 1.2 kV, d = 0.5–1.0 mm | Fiber diameter: 0.7–1 μm | [212] | Near-field electrospinning |
| PVDF | - | - | - | Flow sensing sensitivity: 83.3 mV/(m/s) | [117] | Near-field electrospinning |
| PVDF (Mw = 5.2∙105) | Acetone: N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) | -- | C = 17% (w/w), V = 15 kV, d = 12 cm | Porous fiber diameter: (0.75 – 1.63 μm) | [213] | Far-field electrospinning |
| PVDF | DMF | - | C = 20% (w/w), V= 25 kV, d = 15 cm | Fiber diameter: 400 nm, fraction of β phase: 70% | [214] | Far-field electrospinning |
| PVDF (Mw = 4∙105 g∙mol−1) | DMF:acetone | - | C = 15% (w/w), V = 1 5, 20 kV, flow rate: 0.003 ml min−1 | Fiber diameter: 127–244 nm | [215] | Far-field electrospinning |
| PVDF (Mw= 107,000) | DMF:DMAc (1:1) | - | C = 20%, V = 20 kV, d = 20 cm | - | [219] | Far-field electrospinning |
| PVDF | DMF:acetone (8:2 v/v) | - | C = 15% (w v−1), V = 5 kV, d = 10 −20 cm, flow rate = 0.3 ml h−1 | The average fiber diameter: 172 ± 89 nm | [216] | Far-field electrospinning |
| PVDF | DMF:acetone (1:4 v/v) | - | C = 15% (w/w), V = 10, 13, 16, 19, 22 kV, d = 15 cm | Fiber diameter: 578.4 to 978.6 nm | [217] | Far-field electrospinning |
| PVDF (Mw=687000) | DMF | - | C = 10%−20% (w/w), V = 7 and 20 kV, d = 15 cm, flow rates: 0.8 to 1.5 ml h−1 | Fiber diameter: 120–1000 nm Maximum fraction of β phase: 0.75 | [218] | Far-field electrospinning |
| PVDF | DMF and DMF: acetone (3:1 v/v) | - | C = 5%, 7%, 10%, 15% (w/w), d = 3 cm, V = 10 kV, angular velocity: 60 rpm | Fiber diameter: 330 to 540 nm | [220] | Far-field electrospinning |
| PVDF (Mw= 172 000) | DMF:acetone (4:6 v/v) | - | C = 10% (w/w), rotating speed = 300 rpm, d = 15 cm, V =1 4–18 kV, flow rate: 0.5–3 ml h−1 | - | [221] | Far-field electrospinning |
| PVDF( Mw = 115 000) | DMF:acetone (60:40 w/w) | Surface-oxidized SWCNTs and MWCNTs | C = 20/80 (w/w), v = 15 kV, flow rate:0.25 ml h−1, rotating speed = 1500 rpm. | - | [222] | Far-field electrospinning |
| PVDF (534,000 g mol−1) | DMF:acetone (6:4 v/v) | LiCl (0.00133 wt% ) | C=16% (w/w), V=20 kV, d = 20 cm, flow rate = 0.3 ml h−1, rotating speed: 800, 1000, 1500, and 2000 rpm | Fiber diameter: 65 nm | [223] | Far-field electrospinning |
| PVDF( Mw =172 000) | DMF:acetone (4:6 v/v) | - | C = 16% (w/w), V = 40 to 60 kV, d = 16 cm, rotating speed: 100 rpm | Fiber diameter: 539 nm | [19] | Needleless electrospinning |
| PVDF | - | - | Temperature of fluid: 189 ± 2 °C, ΔV: +2.70 ± 0.08 kV, working distance: 4.0 ± 0.5 mm, collector speeds: 1800 to 5000 mm min−1 (at 400 mm min−1 increments) | Fiber diameter: 17–55 μm, d33 ~19 pmV−1 | [224] | Melt-electrospinning |
| PVDF | DMF:acetone (60:40 w/w) | - | C = 20% (w/w), V = 12 kV dc, d= 20 cm, speed= 200 rpm | Fiber diameter =224 nm | [225] | Centrifugal electrospinning system |
| PVDF | DMF:acetone (60:40, 70:30 and 80:20 (w/w)) | Tetrabutyl ammonium chloride (TBAC) | C = 15 and 20 %w, V=15 or 21 kV, d=15 cm | The addition of 3% (w/w) of TBAC into the polymer solution led to almost pure β-phase in the fibers. | [226] | Far-field electrospinning with rotating ring collector |
| PVDF, P(VDF-TrFE) 70:30 mol% | DMF:acetone (60:40 w/w) | MWCNT | C = 20% (w/w), V = 15 kV, flow rate: 0.25 ml h−1, rotating speed: 1500 rpm | - | [227] | Electrospinning with rotating ring collector |
| PVDF | DMF:acetone (6:4 w/w) | - | C = 15% (w/w), V= 20 kV, d = 15 cm, flow rate = 0.033 ml min−1 | Fiber diameter: 100 nm, β content = 80.67% | [228] | Electrospinning on water method |
| PVDF (Mw =500,000) | DMAc | - | C = 20%, 25% (w/w), V = 6–12 kV, d = 3–6 in, flow rate = 3–5 ml h−1 | Yarn diameter: 5–200 μm | [229] | Electrospinning on water method |
| PVDF-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDFHFP) | DMF:acetone (1:1 v/v) | - | C = 17.0%, V = 7 kV, flow rate: 3.0 ml h−1, winding speed= 72 m h−1 | Tensile strength: 93.6 MPa elongation at break: 242.6% | [230] | - |
| The core = poly(3,4-ethylene dioxy thiophene), poly(styrene sulfonate) and poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), The shell: P(VDF-TrFE) (70:30) | DMF for core and DMF:MEK (25:75) for shell | - | The core and shell solutions were kept at flow rates of 1 and 3 ml h−1, respectively. Shell concentration: 14% w/v | - | [113] | Co-electrospinning |
| (PVDF)/polycarbonate | DMF:THF | - | V = 12 kV, d = 15 cm, flow rate: 0.4 ml h−1 | - | [231] | Co-electrospinning |
| PVDF | DMAc | NaCl | C = 22% - 28% (w/w), V = 12– 18 kV, d = 15 cm, flow rate: 0.050 mm min−1 | Addition of NaCl improved the morphology and uniformity of the resultant PVDF fibers | [232] | Far-field electrospinning |
| PVDF (Mw=687 000) | DMF | Ni0.5Zn0.5 Fe2O4 nanoparticles | C = 10%−20% (w/w), V = 7 and 20 kV, d = 15 cm, flow rate = 0.4 to 1.5 ml h−1 | - | [233] | Far-field electrospinning |
| PVDF (Mw = 141000) | DMAc | Anionic and cationic fluorinated surfactant (0 to 0.5 w %) | C = 26% (w/w), V = 15 kV, d = 12 cm, , flow rate = 2 ml min−1 | - | [234] | Electrospinning |
[Mw = molecular weight; d = working distance; C = concentration (polymer/solvent), v = volume, w = weight, V = potential, NP = nanoparticles, rpm =rounds per minute; Dimethylformamide (DMF); Dimethylacetamide(DMAc, Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), Tetrahydrofuran (THF); Methylethylketone (MEK)].