Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the study population 1.
| Characteristics | Total | <50.0 mg/day | 50.0–<100.0 mg/day | 100.0–<150.0 mg/day | 150.0–<200.0 mg/day | 200.0–<250.0 mg/day | 250.0–<300.0 mg/day | 300.0–<350.0 mg/day | 350.0–<400.0 mg/day | 400.0–<450.0 mg/day | 450.0–<500.0 mg/day | ≥500.0 mg/day | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent of all adults (%) | 100.0 | 10.0 | 9.5 | 11.7 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 9.7 | 8.3 | 7.5 | 5.1 | 3.4 | 12.6 | |
| Gender (%) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Male | 44.5 | 37.8 | 39.9 | 42.5 | 41.2 | 41.6 | 44.7 | 44.8 | 50.0 | 49.8 | 52.7 | 52.4 | |
| Female | 55.5 | 62.2 | 60.1 | 57.5 | 58.8 | 58.4 | 55.3 | 55.2 | 50.0 | 50.2 | 47.3 | 47.6 | |
| Age (%) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| 18–44 years | 41.4 | 31.2 | 43.5 | 40.3 | 44.9 | 38.9 | 47.3 | 46.4 | 42.4 | 39.5 | 38.7 | 41.3 | |
| 45–59 years | 58.6 | 68.8 | 56.5 | 59.7 | 55.1 | 61.1 | 52.7 | 53.6 | 57.6 | 60.5 | 61.3 | 58.7 | |
| Geographic region | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Central | 35.9 | 43.6 | 35.6 | 35.6 | 40.4 | 35.6 | 33.9 | 31.3 | 33.0 | 39.5 | 36.0 | 31.2 | |
| East | 38.5 | 40.8 | 35.6 | 36.0 | 28.4 | 33.3 | 37.4 | 41.5 | 47.3 | 39.5 | 41.3 | 46.9 | |
| West | 25.7 | 15.6 | 28.9 | 28.4 | 31.2 | 31.1 | 28.7 | 27.2 | 19.7 | 21.1 | 22.7 | 21.9 | |
| Educational level | |||||||||||||
| ≤Primary school | 21.2 | 35.1 | 19.7 | 24.3 | 21.8 | 21.8 | 20.9 | 16.8 | 16.4 | 16.6 | 14.7 | 17.0 | <0.001 |
| Secondary school | 38.0 | 39.9 | 44.7 | 38.8 | 37.4 | 36.2 | 32.9 | 39.0 | 35.8 | 39.5 | 35.3 | 37.5 | |
| ≥High school | 40.8 | 25.0 | 35.6 | 37.0 | 40.8 | 42.0 | 46.1 | 44.2 | 47.9 | 44.0 | 50.0 | 45.5 | |
| Yearly Income | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Low | 33.4 | 45.2 | 38.5 | 36.4 | 32.2 | 32.5 | 33.2 | 30.5 | 26.4 | 28.7 | 30.0 | 27.9 | |
| Medium | 33.3 | 31.2 | 35.6 | 32.3 | 33.3 | 36.0 | 32.5 | 30.8 | 38.2 | 36.3 | 32.7 | 30.4 | |
| High | 33.3 | 23.6 | 26.0 | 31.3 | 34.5 | 31.5 | 34.4 | 38.7 | 35.5 | 35.0 | 37.3 | 41.7 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 | 24.2 | 24.0 | 23.9 | 23.7 | 24.0 | 23.9 | 24.0 | 24.6 | 24.0 | 23.6 | 24.4 | 0.051 |
| Smoking (%) | 24.0 | 22.3 | 20.9 | 22.7 | 24.9 | 24.1 | 23.1 | 23.9 | 23.9 | 28.7 | 23.3 | 28.1 | 0.319 |
| Drinking (%) | 29.4 | 24.8 | 26.2 | 29.2 | 28.6 | 29.2 | 28.9 | 27.8 | 29.7 | 32.7 | 35.3 | 35.1 | 0.032 |
| Hypertension (%) | 26.3 | 33.7 | 21.6 | 25.2 | 25.1 | 24.5 | 27.1 | 22.5 | 26.4 | 29.6 | 24.7 | 28.8 | 0.006 |
| Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 30.3 | 32.5 | 29.0 | 20.0 | 21.6 | 37.8 | 32.0 | 42.8 | 30.6 | 26.4 | 28.3 | 35.5 | 0.253 |
| Dietary intakes | |||||||||||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 1869.7 | 1650.5 | 1610.9 | 1723.4 | 1761.2 | 1781.5 | 1886.9 | 1922.6 | 2029.9 | 2085.8 | 2011.9 | 2286.0 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 230.4 | 239.7 | 211.3 | 224.2 | 218.3 | 218.8 | 229.5 | 228.1 | 244.8 | 237.1 | 244.0 | 253.3 | <0.001 |
| Fat (g/day) | 70.7 | 46.7 | 58.7 | 65.1 | 68.1 | 74.8 | 69.1 | 76.3 | 78.1 | 82.3 | 76.3 | 91.8 | <0.001 |
| Protein (g/day) | 58.4 | 44.6 | 46.9 | 50.9 | 53.0 | 55.6 | 61.2 | 63.2 | 68.6 | 68.0 | 71.8 | 84.2 | <0.001 |
| Fiber (g/day) | 9.9 | 10.0 | 9.4 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 10.5 | 11.6 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 61.8 | 52.5 | 55.0 | 56.7 | 54.5 | 61.0 | 60.0 | 67.7 | 64.7 | 72.7 | 69.2 | 76.6 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin E (mg/day) | 24.5 | 22.6 | 22.0 | 24.9 | 23.9 | 22.9 | 22.9 | 24.3 | 25.7 | 26.2 | 26.4 | 28.8 | <0.001 |
| Niacin (mg/day) | 13.4 | 10.0 | 11.2 | 11.9 | 12.4 | 13.2 | 14.0 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 15.0 | 16.2 | 17.8 | <0.001 |
| Selenium (µg/day) | 39.2 | 30.3 | 30.2 | 32.7 | 34.2 | 37.2 | 39.8 | 42.0 | 48.4 | 49.0 | 47.6 | 58.3 | <0.001 |
Abbreviation: BMI = body mass index; TC = total cholesterol; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG = triglyceride. 1: Data of gender, age, geographic region, educational level, yearly income, smoking, drinking, and hypertension are expressed as n (%); data of BMI, energy, dietary carbohydrate, dietary fat, dietary protein, dietary fiber, dietary vitamin C, dietary vitamin E, dietary niacin, dietary selenium, TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C are expressed as median.