Table 3.
Adjusted ORs (95% CI) for four types of dyslipidemia across the levels of dietary cholesterol intake in adults.
| Variables | <50.0 mg/day | 50.0–<100.0 mg/day | 100.0–<150.0 mg/day | 150.0–<200.0 mg/day | 200.0–<250.0 mg/day | 250.0–<300.0 mg/day | 300.0–<350.0 mg/day | 350.0–<400.0 mg/day | 400.0–<450.0 mg/day | 450.0–<500.0 mg/day | ≥500.0 mg/day | p-trend 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dyslipidemia | ||||||||||||
| Model 1 2 | 0.9(0.7,1.2) | 1.0(0.8,1.4) | Reference | 1.0(0.8,1.3) | 1.2(0.9,1.6) | 1.0(0.7,1.3) | 1.0(0.8,1.4) | 1.1(0.8,1.5) | 0.9(0.7,1.3) | 1.0(0.7,1.4) | 1.2(0.9,1.5) | 0.451 |
| Model 2 | 0.9(0.7,1.2) | 1.1(0.8,1.4) | Reference | 1.0(0.7,1.3) | 1.2(0.9,1.6) | 1.0(0.7,1.3) | 1.1(0.8,1.4) | 1.1(0.8,1.5) | 0.9(0.7,1.3) | 1.0(0.7,1.5) | 1.2(0.9,1.5) | 0.489 |
| Model 3 | 1.0(0.7,1.3) | 1.1(0.8,1.4) | Reference | 1.0(0.7,1.2) | 1.2(0.9,1.5) | 0.9(0.7,1.2) | 1.0(0.7,1.3) | 1.1(0.8,1.4) | 0.9(0.6,1.2) | 0.9(0.6,1.4) | 1.0(0.8,1.4) | 0.433 |
| Model 4 | 1.0(0.7,1.3) | 1.1(0.8,1.5) | Reference | 1.0(0.7,1.3) | 1.2(0.9,1.6) | 0.9(0.7,1.2) | 1.0(0.8,1.4) | 1.1(0.8,1.4) | 0.9(0.6,1.2) | 1.0(0.7,1.5) | 1.0(0.8,1.4) | 0.720 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | ||||||||||||
| Model 1 2 | 1.2(0.8,2.0) | 1.5(1.0,2.5) * | Reference | 1.4(0.9,2.2) | 1.7(1.1,2.7) * | 1.8(1.2,2.9) * | 1.3(0.8,2.2) | 1.1(0.6,1.9) | 1.4(0.8,2.5) | 1.8(1.0,3.3) * | 2.2(1.5,3.4) * | 0.066 |
| Model 2 | 1.2(0.8,2.0) | 1.5(1.0,2.5) * | Reference | 1.4(0.9,2.2) | 1.7(1.1,2.7) * | 1.8(1.2,2.9) * | 1.4(0.8,2.3) | 1.1(0.7,1.9) | 1.4(0.8,2.5) | 1.8(1.0,3.3) * | 2.2(1.5,3.4) * | 0.072 |
| Model 3 | 1.3(0.8,2.2) | 1.5(1.0,2.5) * | Reference | 1.3(0.8,2.2) | 1.6(1.0,2.6) * | 1.7(1.1,2.8) * | 1.3(0.8,2.1) | 1.1(0.6,1.8) | 1.3(0.7,2.3) | 1.7(0.9,3.1) | 2.1(1.3,3.3) * | 0.054 |
| Model 4 | 1.3(0.8,2.1) | 1.6(1.0,2.5) * | Reference | 1.3(0.8,2.2) | 1.6(1.0,2.6) * | 1.7(1.1,2.8) * | 1.3(0.8,2.2) | 1.0(0.6,1.8) | 1.3(0.7,2.3) | 1.7(0.9,3.2) | 2.0(1.3,3.3) * | 0.057 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | ||||||||||||
| Model 1 2 | 1.0(0.7,1.5) | 1.3(0.9,1.9) | Reference | 1.2(0.8,1.7) | 1.4(0.9,2.0) | 0.9(0.6,1.3) | 1.1(0.7,1.6) | 1.0(0.6,1.4) | 0.8(0.5,1.2) | 0.6(0.3,1.1) | 1.2(0.9,1.7) | 0.635 |
| Model 2 | 1.0(0.7,1.5) | 1.3(0.9,1.9) | Reference | 1.2(0.8,1.7) | 1.4(1.0,1.9) | 0.9(0.6,1.3) | 1.1(0.7,1.6) | 1.0(0.7,1.5) | 0.7(0.5,1.2) | 0.6(0.3,1.1) | 1.2(0.9,1.7) | 0.597 |
| Model 3 | 1.1(0.7,1.6) | 1.3(0.9,1.9) | Reference | 1.1(0.8,1.6) | 1.3(0.9,1.8) | 0.9(0.6,1.3) | 1.0(0.7,1.4) | 0.9(0.6,1.4) | 0.7(0.4,1.1) | 0.5(0.3,1.0) | 1.0(0.7,1.5) | 0.090 |
| Model 4 | 1.1(0.7,1.6) | 1.4(0.9,2.0) | Reference | 1.1(0.8,1.7) | 1.3(0.9,1.9) | 0.9(0.6,1.3) | 1.0(0.7,1.5) | 0.9(0.6,1.4) | 0.7(0.4,1.1) | 0.6(0.3,1.1) | 1.0(0.7,1.5) | 0.080 |
| HDL-hypocholesterolemia | ||||||||||||
| Model 1 2 | 0.8(0.6,1.1) | 0.9(0.7,1.3) | Reference | 0.8(0.6,1.1) | 0.9(0.7,1.3) | 0.7(0.5,1.0) | 0.9(0.7,1.3) | 0.9(0.6,1.2) | 0.7(0.5,1.1) | 0.8(0.5,1.2) | 0.7(0.5,1.0) | 0.824 |
| Model 2 | 0.8(0.6,1.1) | 0.9(0.7,1.3) | Reference | 0.8(0.6,1.1) | 0.9(0.7,1.2) | 0.7(0.5,1.0) | 0.9(0.7,1.3) | 0.9(0.6,1.2) | 0.7(0.5,1.1) | 0.8(0.5,1.2) | 0.7(0.5,1.0) | 0.827 |
| Model 3 | 0.9(0.6,1.2) | 1.0(0.7,1.3) | Reference | 0.8(0.6,1.1) | 0.9(0.7,1.2) | 0.7(0.5,1.0) | 0.9(0.6,1.2) | 0.8(0.6,1.2) | 0.7(0.5,1.0) | 0.7(0.5,1.2) | 0.7(0.5,1.0) | 0.795 |
| Model 4 | 0.9(0.6,1.2) | 1.0(0.7,1.3) | Reference | 0.8(0.6,1.1) | 0.9(0.7,1.2) | 0.7(0.5,1.0) | 0.9(0.7,1.3) | 0.8(0.6,1.2) | 0.7(0.5,1.1) | 0.8(0.5,1.3) | 0.7(0.5,1.0) | 0.514 |
| LDL-hypercholesterolemia | ||||||||||||
| Model 1 2 | 1.1(0.7,1.6) | 1.1(0.7,1.7) | Reference | 1.3(0.9,2.0) | 1.6(1.1,2.4) * | 1.5(1,2.3.0) * | 1.4(0.9,2.1) | 1.5(0.9,2.3) | 1.6(1.0,2.6) * | 1.2(0.7,2.2) | 2.2(1.5,3.2) * | 0.149 |
| Model 2 | 1.1(0.7,1.6) | 1.1(0.7,1.7) | Reference | 1.3(0.9,2.0) | 1.6(1.1,2.4) * | 1.5(1,2.3.0) * | 1.4(0.9,2.2) | 1.5(0.9,2.3) | 1.6(1.0,2.6) * | 1.2(0.7,2.2) | 2.2(1.5,3.2) * | 0.160 |
| Model 3 | 1.1(0.7,1.7) | 1.1(0.7,1.7) | Reference | 1.3(0.9,1.9) | 1.5(1.0,2.3) * | 1.5(1.0,2.2) * | 1.3(0.9,2.1) | 1.4(0.9,2.1) | 1.5(0.9,2.4) | 1.1(0.6,2.1) | 2.0(1.3,3.0) * | 0.132 |
| Model 4 | 1.1(0.7,1.7) | 1.1(0.7,1.8) | Reference | 1.3(0.9,2.0) | 1.6(1.0,2.3) * | 1.5(1.0,2.2) * | 1.4(0.9,2.1) | 1.4(0.9,2.2) | 1.5(0.9,2.5) | 1.2(0.6,2.1) | 2.0(1.3,3.0) * | 0.177 |
* p < 0.05. 1: We calculated the p-trend by assigning median values to levels of dietary cholesterol intake and entered this variable as a continuous term in the regression models. 2: We adjusted multivariable logistic regression models for gender, age (18–44 years, 45–60 years), educational level (≤primary school, secondary school, ≥high school), yearly income (tertiles), geographic region (Model 1), current smoking and drinking statuses (yes, no), physical activity (continuous; Model 2), intake of energy (continuous), carbohydrate (continuous), fat (continuous), protein (continuous), fiber (continuous), vitamin C (continuous), vitamin E (continuous), niacin (continuous), selenium (continuous; Model 3), hypertension (yes, no), and BMI (continuous; Model 4).