Figure 6.

Rd and Rg3 protect mitochondria-mediated lipotoxic apoptosis. (A) Hep3B cells were measured for MitoSOX 12 h after treatment with H₂O₂ and CRG. (B) Hep3B cells were transfected with pLVX-puro-mt-Keima. Analysis of expressing mt-Keima treated with ginsenoside Rd for 24 h. Rd mediated mitophagy was quantified by flow cytometry with 2 μM CCCP. The excitation wavelength is 586 nm in neutral and 440 nm in acidic environment. (C) PA-induced cytotoxicity was measured by LDH. (D) Representative western blotting analysis of Bcl-2. CRG 62.5 μg/mL is referred to as CRG-H and CRG 31.25 μg/mL as CRG-L. * p < 0.05 versus vehicle (Veh), ** p < 0.01 versus Veh, *** p < 0.001 versus Veh.