Table 1.
Toxic endpoints for the crude extracts of indoor Aspergillus calidoustus and Aspergillus sp. strains. The extracts were tested in twofold dilutions. The strains were compared to selected reference strains and selected pure reference mycotoxins in a set of toxicity assays exposing boar spermatozoa and porcine kidney PK-15 cells.
| EC50 µg mL−1 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boar Sperm | PK-15 | |||||
| BSMI 1 | SMID 2 | ICP 2 | ||||
| 0.5–1 h | 1–2 days | 1 day | 2 days | |||
| A. calidoustus MH4 | 38 | 2 | 13 | 1 | ||
| A. calidoustus MH21 | 30 | 0.5 | 13 | 0.5 | ||
| A. calidoustus MH34 | 50 | 1 | 11 | 1 | ||
| A. calidoustus MH36 | 40 | 0.5 | 13 | 1 | ||
| Aspergillus sp. MH10 | >100 | 10 | >100 | 1 | ||
| Aspergillus sp. MH11 | >100 | 20 | >100 | 2 | ||
| Aspergillus sp. MH25 | >100 | 20 | >100 | 2 | ||
| Aspergillus sp. MH26 | >100 | 20 | >100 | 2 | ||
| Aspergillus sp. MH32 | >100 | 10 | >100 | 3 | ||
| Aspergillus sp. MH33 | >100 | 20 | >100 | 1 | ||
| Aspergillus sp. MH35 | >100 | 20 | >100 | 1 | ||
| Reference Strains | Mycotoxin Produced | References | ||||
| A. westerdijkiae PP2 | 10 | 5 | >50 | 15 | Avrainvillamide Stephacidin B Ochratoxin A | [14] |
| A. versicolor SL/3 | 250 | 20 | >100 | 1 | Sterigmatocystin Averufin | [15] |
| B. oryzae SZMC 13003 | >25 | 5 | 6 | Ophiobolin A | [16] | |
| T. atroviride Tri335 | 10 | 3 | 3 | 30 | Trichorzianines | [15] |
| C. globosum HS1 | 10 | 5 | >20 | 50 | Chaetoglobosins | [17] |
| T. reesei DSM 768 3 | 250 | >50 | >50 | 500 | None | [17] |
| Reference Mycotoxins | References | |||||
| Alamethicin | 5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 8 | [17] | |
| Avrainvillamide | 0.6 | 0.3 | >2 | 0.3 | [14] | |
| Ochratoxin A | >100 | >50 | >50 | >50 | [14] | |
| Ophiobolin A | 2.5 | 0.25 | 2 | 0.2 | [16] | |
| Stephacidin B | 0.5 | 0.2 | >2 | 0.2 | [14] | |
| Sterigmatocystin | >100 | >20 | >20 | 0.25 | [14] | |
1 BSMI (boar sperm motility inhibition assay), the average difference between three measurements were within one dilution step. 2 SMID (sperm membrane integrity damage assay) and ICP (inhibition of cell proliferation assay), the SD between three measurements was < ± 35%. 3 Negative control representing the upper limit of the assay.