AEI	anion-exchange ionomer
AEM	anion-exchange membrane
AEMFC	anion-exchange membranes fuel cells
AFC	alkaline fuel cells
AIMFC	amphoteric ion-exchange membranes fuel cells
BTMA	benzyltrimethylammonium
CEM	cation-exchange membranes
DBL	diffusion boundary layer
DOG	degree of grafting
DMAEMA	dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate
DMFC	direct methanol fuel cells
EIS	electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
ETFE	poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene)
FCD	fixed charge density
FEP	fluorinated ethylene propylene
GD	grafting degree
GY	grafting yield
HEMA	2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
HDPE	high-density polyethylene
HOR	hydrogen oxidation reaction
IEC	ion-exchange capacity
IEM	ion-exchange membrane
LDPE	low-density polyethylene
MEA	membrane electrode assembly
MCFC	molten carbonate fuel cells
MPRD	benzyl-N-methylpiperidinium
MPY	benzyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium
ORR	oxygen reduction reaction
PAFC	phosphoric acid fuel cells
PE	polyethylene
PEM	polymer electrolyte membrane
PEMFC	proton-exchange membranes fuel cells
PFSA	perfluorinated sulfonic acid
PHEMA	poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)
PP	polypropylene
PVBC	poly(vinylbenzyl chloride)
PVDF	polyvinylidene difluoride
PSSA	poly(styrene sulfonic acid)
QA	quaternary ammonium
RFB	redox flow batteries
RG	radiation-grafted
SD	swelling degree
SGE	salinity gradient energy
SGP	salinity gradient power
SHIs	swift heavy ions
SOFC	solid oxide fuel cells
SSS	sodium styrene sulfonate
St	styrene
TMA	benzyltrimethylammonium
VBC	vinylbenzyl chloride
VRFB	vanadium redox flow battery