Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) protein level remains largely unchanged after vitamin C treatment. (A) qRT-PCR shows that HIF-1α RNA is increased in MDA-MB-231 cells after vitamin C treatment for 5 days; (B,C) HIF-1α protein level remains unchanged in MDA-MB-231 cells after vitamin C treatment, as shown by immunoblotting and semi-quantification; (D,E) no obvious changes are found in HIF-1α immunofluorescence in MDA-MB-231 cells after vitamin C treatment, as shown by imaging and semi-quantification. Bar = 20 µm; (F,G) immunostaining (40×) and semi-quantification show no differences in HIF-1α expression in MDA-MB-231 xenografts from NOD combined immune deficiency (scid) gamma (NSG) mice administered or not vitamin C (3.3 g/L) in the drinking water.