Table 1.
Variables | Energy-Adjusted Dietary Fiber Intake | p-Value b | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | Total | ||
n = 73 | n = 72 | n = 72 | n = 217 | ||
Demographic Characteristics | |||||
Sex (% female) | 57.5 | 52.8 | 36.1 | 48.9 | 0.026 |
Age (years) c | 14.1 (13.9–14.2) | 14.1 (14.0–14.3) | 14.2 (14.0–14.4) | 14.1 (14.0–14.3) | 0.004 d |
Geographic area (%) | <0.001 | ||||
Urban | 93.2 | 81.9 | 51.4 | 75.6 | |
Rural | 6.9 | 18.1 | 48.6 | 24.4 | |
Region (%) | 0.034 | ||||
Altos | 74.0 | 72.2 | 55.6 | 67.3 | |
Selva | 26.0 | 27.8 | 44.4 | 32.7 | |
Mother’s education level (%) | <0.001 | ||||
Illiterate | 21.7 | 35.2 | 55.7 | 37.6 | |
Elementary school | 14.5 | 25.4 | 21.4 | 20.5 | |
Middle school | 39.1 | 25.4 | 20.0 | 28.1 | |
High school | 13.0 | 9.9 | 1.4 | 8.1 | |
Bachelor’s degree | 11.6 | 4.2 | 1.4 | 5.7 | |
Mother’s language (%) | <0.001 | ||||
Spanish | 76.7 | 50.0 | 30.6 | 52.5 | |
Indigenous (Mayan) | 17.8 | 48.6 | 66.7 | 44.2 | |
No data available | 5.5 | 1.4 | 2.8 | 3.2 | |
Family history of diabetes (%) | 54.8 | 45.8 | 37.5 | 46.1 | 0.153 |
Family history of obesity (%) | 27.8 | 20.8 | 19.4 | 22.7 | 0.441 |
Weight status (%) | 0.029 | ||||
Underweight | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.9 | |
Normal weight | 58.9 | 75.0 | 83.3 | 72.4 | |
Overweight | 31.5 | 18.1 | 16.7 | 22.1 | |
Obesity | 8.2 | 5.6 | 0.0 | 4.6 | |
Waist circumference (cm) | 73.0 (68.0–79.0) | 71.0 (66.0–75.3) | 72.0 (69.0–75.0) | 72.0 (68.0–77.0) | 0.160 d |
Abdominal obesity (%) | 19.2 | 12.5 | 9.7 | 13.8 | 0.237 |
% Body fat | 24.8 (18.9–30.2) | 24.3 (14.2–29.3) | 19.8 (14.1–24.9) | 22.8 (15.0–28.4) | 0.002 d |
Body fat excess (%) | 31.5 | 22.2 | 8.3 | 20.7 | 0.002 |
WHtR (units) | 0.5 (0.4–0.5) | 0.5 (0.4–0.5) | 0.5 (0.5–0.5) | 0.5 (0.4–0.5) | 0.116 d |
High WHtR (>0.5 units) (%) | 27.4 | 25.0 | 27.8 | 26.7 | 0.920 |
Dietary Intake | |||||
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2139 (1970–2566) | 2119 (1672–2610) | 2069 (1759–2668) | 2128 (1782–2588) | 0.454 d |
Total carbohydrates (g/day) e | 307.8 (45.3) | 329.3 (40.5) | 368.8 (42.5) | 335.2 (49.6) | <0.001 |
Total carbohydrates (% energy) | 55.6 (8.7) | 59.7 (7.8) | 67.2 (8.1) | 60.8 (9.5) | <0.001 |
Protein (g/day) c,e | 64.9 (51.1–78.5) | 71.9 (61.5–86.0) | 69.7 (60.6–79.9) | 69.5 (58.7–82.7) | 0.089 d |
Protein (% energy) | 11.7 (9.4–15.0) | 13.1 (11.1–15.0) | 12.8 (10.8–14.4) | 12.6 (10.6–14.6) | 0.117 d |
Total fat (g/day) e | 81.2 (19.4) | 69.0 (14.2) | 53.3 (18.1) | 67.9 (20.8) | <0.001 |
Total fat (% energy) | 33.0 (8.2) | 28.0 (6.1) | 21.0 (7.8) | 27.4 (8.9) | <0.001 |
MUFAs (g/day) e | 25.9 (7.9) | 22.6 (7.1) | 16.1 (7.4) | 21.5 (8.5) | <0.001 |
PUFAs (g/day) c,e | 14.8 (10.4–19.7) | 11.5 (9.4–15.0) | 10.7 (6.9–14.7) | 11.9 (8.9–17.2) | <0.001 d |
SFAs (g/day) e | 27.9 (9.2) | 22.4 (6.6) | 16.7 (8.8) | 22.4 (9.4) | <0.001 |
Dietary fiber (g/day) c,e | 18.7 (16.2–20.3) | 26.6 (25.0–29.7) | 38.1 (34.3–43.8) | 26.6 (20.3–34.3) | <0.001 d |
Total sugars (g/day) c,e | 110.8 (69.0–142.0) | 82.7 (66.6–95.0) | 60.1 (37.3–76.3) | 79.1 (55.4–103.6) | <0.001 d |
Dietary GI (g/day) c | 53.5 (50.5–56.8) | 51.5 (49.1–54.4) | 48.3 (46.2–51.4) | 51.2 (47.7–54.3) | <0.001 d |
Dietary GL (g/day) e | 162.6 (29.7) | 169.5 (29.0) | 178.2 (25.0) | 170.1 (28.6) | 0.004 |
a Means (SD) or percentages are shown. b Differences across dietary fiber categories were analyzed using ANOVA for continuous variables and Chi-square tests for categorical variables. c Medians (Interquartile range). d Kruskal–Wallis test. e Energy-adjusted using the residuals method. T, tertiles; MUFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFAs, saturated fatty acids; WHtR, waist to height ratio; GI, glycemic index, GL, glycemic load.