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. 2019 Dec 16;11(12):3066. doi: 10.3390/nu11123066

Table 1.

General characteristics of the sample according to categories of dietary fiber intake in a sample of adolescents from Chiapas, México a.

Variables Energy-Adjusted Dietary Fiber Intake p-Value b
T1 T2 T3 Total
n = 73 n = 72 n = 72 n = 217
Demographic Characteristics
Sex (% female) 57.5 52.8 36.1 48.9 0.026
Age (years) c 14.1 (13.9–14.2) 14.1 (14.0–14.3) 14.2 (14.0–14.4) 14.1 (14.0–14.3) 0.004 d
Geographic area (%) <0.001
Urban 93.2 81.9 51.4 75.6
Rural 6.9 18.1 48.6 24.4
Region (%) 0.034
Altos 74.0 72.2 55.6 67.3
Selva 26.0 27.8 44.4 32.7
Mother’s education level (%) <0.001
Illiterate 21.7 35.2 55.7 37.6
Elementary school 14.5 25.4 21.4 20.5
Middle school 39.1 25.4 20.0 28.1
High school 13.0 9.9 1.4 8.1
Bachelor’s degree 11.6 4.2 1.4 5.7
Mother’s language (%) <0.001
Spanish 76.7 50.0 30.6 52.5
Indigenous (Mayan) 17.8 48.6 66.7 44.2
No data available 5.5 1.4 2.8 3.2
Family history of diabetes (%) 54.8 45.8 37.5 46.1 0.153
Family history of obesity (%) 27.8 20.8 19.4 22.7 0.441
Weight status (%) 0.029
Underweight 1.4 1.4 0.0 0.9
Normal weight 58.9 75.0 83.3 72.4
Overweight 31.5 18.1 16.7 22.1
Obesity 8.2 5.6 0.0 4.6
Waist circumference (cm) 73.0 (68.0–79.0) 71.0 (66.0–75.3) 72.0 (69.0–75.0) 72.0 (68.0–77.0) 0.160 d
Abdominal obesity (%) 19.2 12.5 9.7 13.8 0.237
% Body fat 24.8 (18.9–30.2) 24.3 (14.2–29.3) 19.8 (14.1–24.9) 22.8 (15.0–28.4) 0.002 d
Body fat excess (%) 31.5 22.2 8.3 20.7 0.002
WHtR (units) 0.5 (0.4–0.5) 0.5 (0.4–0.5) 0.5 (0.5–0.5) 0.5 (0.4–0.5) 0.116 d
High WHtR (>0.5 units) (%) 27.4 25.0 27.8 26.7 0.920
Dietary Intake
Energy intake (kcal/day) 2139 (1970–2566) 2119 (1672–2610) 2069 (1759–2668) 2128 (1782–2588) 0.454 d
Total carbohydrates (g/day) e 307.8 (45.3) 329.3 (40.5) 368.8 (42.5) 335.2 (49.6) <0.001
Total carbohydrates (% energy) 55.6 (8.7) 59.7 (7.8) 67.2 (8.1) 60.8 (9.5) <0.001
Protein (g/day) c,e 64.9 (51.1–78.5) 71.9 (61.5–86.0) 69.7 (60.6–79.9) 69.5 (58.7–82.7) 0.089 d
Protein (% energy) 11.7 (9.4–15.0) 13.1 (11.1–15.0) 12.8 (10.8–14.4) 12.6 (10.6–14.6) 0.117 d
Total fat (g/day) e 81.2 (19.4) 69.0 (14.2) 53.3 (18.1) 67.9 (20.8) <0.001
Total fat (% energy) 33.0 (8.2) 28.0 (6.1) 21.0 (7.8) 27.4 (8.9) <0.001
MUFAs (g/day) e 25.9 (7.9) 22.6 (7.1) 16.1 (7.4) 21.5 (8.5) <0.001
PUFAs (g/day) c,e 14.8 (10.4–19.7) 11.5 (9.4–15.0) 10.7 (6.9–14.7) 11.9 (8.9–17.2) <0.001 d
SFAs (g/day) e 27.9 (9.2) 22.4 (6.6) 16.7 (8.8) 22.4 (9.4) <0.001
Dietary fiber (g/day) c,e 18.7 (16.2–20.3) 26.6 (25.0–29.7) 38.1 (34.3–43.8) 26.6 (20.3–34.3) <0.001 d
Total sugars (g/day) c,e 110.8 (69.0–142.0) 82.7 (66.6–95.0) 60.1 (37.3–76.3) 79.1 (55.4–103.6) <0.001 d
Dietary GI (g/day) c 53.5 (50.5–56.8) 51.5 (49.1–54.4) 48.3 (46.2–51.4) 51.2 (47.7–54.3) <0.001 d
Dietary GL (g/day) e 162.6 (29.7) 169.5 (29.0) 178.2 (25.0) 170.1 (28.6) 0.004

a Means (SD) or percentages are shown. b Differences across dietary fiber categories were analyzed using ANOVA for continuous variables and Chi-square tests for categorical variables. c Medians (Interquartile range). d Kruskal–Wallis test. e Energy-adjusted using the residuals method. T, tertiles; MUFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFAs, saturated fatty acids; WHtR, waist to height ratio; GI, glycemic index, GL, glycemic load.