Table 2.
Biochemical measurements and the prevalence of insulin resistance and abnormal fasting insulin levels according to categories of carbohydrate intake variables in adolescents from Chiapas, México.
| Variables | n | Parameters | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting Serum Glucose (mg/dL) a | Fasting Serum Insulin (μU/mL) a | HOMA-IR (Units) a | HOMA-IR > 3.16 (%) | HOMA-IR > 2.97 (%) | Fasting Serum Insulin ≥ 14.38 μU/mL (%) | ||
| Total Sample | 217 | 83.0 (80.0–88.0) | 9.1 (1.0–13.6) | 1.8 (0.2–2.8) | 21.2 | 23.0 | 21.7 |
| Total Carbohydrates b | |||||||
| T1 | 73 | 84.0 (80.0–87.0) | 9.7 (1.0–15.8) | 2.1 (0.2–3.4) | 27.4 | 27.4 | 27.4 |
| T2 | 72 | 83.0 (77.8–87.5) | 6.1 (1.0–13.1) | 1.3 (0.2–2.8) | 22.2 | 23.6 | 23.6 |
| T3 | 72 | 84.0 (79.5–89.0) | 9.3 (4.0–12.5) | 1.9 (0.8–2.6) | 13.9 | 18.1 | 13.9 |
| p-value c | 0.675 | 0.189 | 0.194 | 0.133 | 0.406 | 0.126 | |
| Dietary Fiber b | |||||||
| T1 | 73 | 85.0 (80.0–89.0) | 10.1 (1.0–18.7) | 2.2 (0.2–4.4) | 34.3 | 34.3 | 35.6 |
| T2 | 72 | 84.0 (80.0–88.5) | 5.6 (1.0–12.7) | 1.1 (0.2–2.8) | 19.4 | 23.6 | 20.8 |
| T3 | 72 | 82.3 (78.0–87.0) | 8.7 (3.2–12.2) | 1.8 (0.6–2.5) | 9.7 | 11.1 | 8.3 |
| p-value c | 0.191 | 0.045 | 0.046 | 0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 | |
| Total Sugars b | |||||||
| T1 | 73 | 83.0 (81.0–88.0) | 10.4 (1.0–13.6) | 2.1 (0.2–2.8) | 21.9 | 23.3 | 21.9 |
| T2 | 72 | 83.0 (78.5–87.0) | 5.6 (1.0–10.6) | 1.1 (0.2–2.2) | 13.9 | 13.9 | 12.5 |
| T3 | 72 | 83.0 (79.0–89.5) | 9.6 (1.0–17.6) | 2.1 (0.2–3.6) | 27.8 | 31.9 | 30.6 |
| p-value c | 0.543 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.123 | 0.036 | 0.031 | |
| Dietary GI | |||||||
| T1 | 73 | 82.0 (79.0–85.0) | 9.1 (1.0–12.3) | 1.8 (0.2–2.5) | 15.1 | 15.1 | 15.1 |
| T2 | 72 | 84.0 (77.0–89.5) | 7.7 (1.0–13.4) | 1.5 (0.2–2.7) | 20.8 | 23.6 | 20.8 |
| T3 | 72 | 86.0 (82.0–90.5) | 9.4 (1.0–16.6) | 1.9 (0.2–3.9) | 27.8 | 30.6 | 29.2 |
| p-value c | 0.001 | 0.488 | 0.336 | 0.173 | 0.085 | 0.117 | |
| Dietary GL b | |||||||
| T1 | 73 | 83.0 (80.0–86.0) | 9.1 (1.0–14.8) | 1.8 (0.2–3.4) | 26.0 | 26.0 | 26.0 |
| T2 | 72 | 82.0 (78.5–87.0) | 9.0 (1.0–12.8) | 1.9 (0.2–2.6) | 19.4 | 19.4 | 20.8 |
| T3 | 72 | 86.0 (80.0–90.0) | 9.2 (1.0–13.3) | 1.8 (0.2–2.7) | 18.1 | 23.6 | 18.1 |
| p-value c | 0.193 | 0.929 | 0.926 | 0.454 | 0.636 | 0.496 | |
a Medians (interquartile range) are shown. b Energy-adjusted using the residuals method. c Differences across categories were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables and Chi-square tests for categorical variables. HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.