Table 3.
Associations between categories of carbohydrate intake variables and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR > 3.16) in adolescents from Chiapas, México.
| Factor Variables | Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR > 3.16) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Total Carbohydrates a,b | n | Median | Model 1 | Model 2 c | Model 3 d | Model 4 e |
| Males | ||||||
| T1 | 29 | 286.2 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) |
| T2 | 38 | 335.4 | 2.69 (0.66–11.01) | 2.92 (0.70–12.16) | 2.96 (0.69–12.67) | 5.04 (0.92–27.52) |
| T3 | 44 | 387.9 | 1.64 (0.39–6.94) | 1.92 (0.44–8.35) | 1.97 (0.44–8.80) | 4.76 (0.59–38.27) |
| p-trend | 0.667 | 0.510 | 0.498 | 0.181 | ||
| Females | ||||||
| T1 | 44 | 290.9 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) |
| T2 | 34 | 337.3 | 0.41 (0.15–1.15) | 0.43 (0.15–1.24) | 0.44 (0.15–1.26) | 1.44 (0.37–5.52) |
| T3 | 28 | 378.1 | 0.19 (0.05–0.73) | 0.20 (0.05–0.79) | 0.19 (0.05–0.75) | 1.08 (0.19–6.20) |
| p-trend | 0.009 | 0.013 | 0.011 | 0.839 | ||
| Dietary Fiber a | Model 1 | Model 2 f | Model 3 g | Model 4 h | ||
| T1 | 73 | 18.7 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) |
| T2 | 72 | 26.6 | 0.46 (0.22–0.99) | 0.51 (0.23–1.10) | 0.51 (0.24–1.11) | 0.61 (0.28–1.37) |
| T3 | 72 | 38.1 | 0.21 (0.08–0.52) | 0.26 (0.10–0.68) | 0.28 (0.11–0.72) | 0.46 (0.16–1.31) |
| p-trend | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.129 | ||
| Total Sugars a | Model 1 | Model 2 f | Model 3 g | Model 4 i | ||
| T1 | 73 | 46.0 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) |
| T2 | 72 | 79.5 | 0.57 (0.24–1.37) | 0.53 (0.22–1.29) | 0.56 (0.23–1.36) | 0.63 (0.25–1.60) |
| T3 | 72 | 120.4 | 1.37 (0.64–2.92) | 1.10 (0.50–2.42) | 1.14 (0.51–2.53) | 1.29 (0.56–2.96) |
| p-trend | 0.337 | 0.706 | 0.640 | 0.442 | ||
| Dietary GI | Model 1 | Model 2 f | Model 3 j | Model 4 k | ||
| T1 | 73 | 46.5 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) |
| T2 | 72 | 51.3 | 1.48 (0.63–3.50) | 1.25 (0.52–3.01) | 1.21 (0.50–2.95) | 1.43 (0.57–3.58) |
| T3 | 72 | 55.7 | 2.17 (0.95–4.94) | 1.68 (0.71–3.98) | 1.49 (0.62–3.58) | 1.43 (0.59–3.48) |
| p-trend | 0.064 | 0.229 | 0.365 | 0.448 | ||
| Dietary GL a | Model 1 | Model 2 f | Model 3 j | Model 4 l | ||
| T1 | 73 | 144.1 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) |
| T2 | 72 | 172.9 | 0.69 (0.31–1.50) | 0.68 (0.31–1.52) | 0.84 (0.37–1.90) | 1.22 (0.50–2.94) |
| T3 | 72 | 198.3 | 0.63 (0.28–1.39) | 0.71 (0.31–1.60) | 0.79 (0.34–1.83) | 1.78 (0.64–4.96) |
| p-trend | 0.235 | 0.370 | 0.567 | 0.282 | ||
a Energy-adjusted using the residuals method. b Interaction term p < 0.05. c Adjusted for age (years). d Adjusted for age (years) and BF% (normal/high). e Adjusted for age (years), BF% (normal/high), energy-adjusted dietary fiber intake (g/day) and energy-adjusted MUFAs intake (g/day). f Adjusted for sex (males/females) and age (years). g Adjusted for sex (males/females), age (years) and BF% (normal/high). h Adjusted for sex (males/females), age (years), BF% (normal/high), energy-adjusted MUFAs intake (g/day) and total energy intake (kcal/day). i Adjusted for sex (males/females), age (years), BF% (normal/high) and energy-adjusted MUFAs intake (g/day). j Adjusted for sex (males/females), age (years), geographic area (rural/urban) and BF% (normal/high). k Adjusted for sex (males/females), age (years), geographic area (rural/urban), BF% (normal/high), energy-adjusted MUFAs intake (g/day) and total energy intake (kcal/day). l Adjusted for sex (males/females), age (years), geographic area (rural/urban), BF% (normal/high) and energy-adjusted MUFAs intake (g/day). BF%, body fat percentage.