Table 5.
Associations between categories of carbohydrate intake variables and elevated fasting insulin concentration (≥14.38 μU/mL) in adolescents from Chiapas, México.
| Factor Variables | Elevated Fasting Insulin Concentration (≥14.38 μU/mL) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Total Carbohydrates a | n | Median | Model 1 | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | Model 4 d |
| T1 | 73 | 290.2 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) |
| T2 | 72 | 335.9 | 0.82 (0.39–1.73) | 0.95 (0.44–2.05) | 0.93 (0.42–2.04) | 1.66 (0.67–4.12) |
| T3 | 72 | 383.9 | 0.43 (0.18–0.99) | 0.54 (0.23–1.30) | 0.52 (0.22–1.26) | 1.42 (0.45–4.46) |
| p-trend | 0.050 | 0.184 | 0.161 | 0.528 | ||
| Dietary Fiber a | Model 1 | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | Model 4 e | ||
| T1 | 73 | 18.7 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) |
| T2 | 72 | 26.6 | 0.48 (0.23–1.00) | 0.53 (0.25–1.13) | 0.56 (0.26–1.21) | 0.65 (0.29–1.42) |
| T3 | 72 | 38.1 | 0.16 (0.06–0.43) | 0.21 (0.08–0.57) | 0.24 (0.09–0.64) | 0.34 (0.12–1.00) |
| p-trend | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.047 | ||
| Total Sugars a | Model 1 | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | Model 4 d | ||
| T1 | 73 | 46 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) |
| T2 | 72 | 79.5 | 0.51 (0.21–1.24) | 0.46 (0.18–1.14) | 0.49 (0.20–1.24) | 0.54 (0.21–1.40) |
| T3 | 72 | 120.4 | 1.57 (0.74–3.31) | 1.21 (0.55–2.65) | 1.25 (0.56–2.78) | 1.40 (0.62–3.19) |
| p-trend | 0.168 | 0.492 | 0.446 | 0.301 | ||
| Dietary GI | Model 1 | Model 2 b | Model 3 f | Model 4 g | ||
| T1 | 73 | 46.5 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) |
| T2 | 72 | 51.3 | 1.48 (0.63–3.50) | 1.22 (0.50–2.95) | 1.18 (0.48–2.91) | 1.05 (0.42–2.66) |
| T3 | 72 | 55.7 | 2.32 (1.02–5.26) | 1.76 (0.74–4.15) | 1.47 (0.61–3.57) | 1.10 (0.43–2.78) |
| p-trend | 0.042 | 0.189 | 0.382 | 0.842 | ||
| Dietary GL a | Model 1 | Model 2 b | Model 3 f | Model 4 h | ||
| T1 | 73 | 144.1 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) |
| T2 | 72 | 172.9 | 0.75 (0.35–1.62) | 0.74 (0.34–1.64) | 0.88 (0.39–2.00) | 0.96 (0.42–2.19) |
| T3 | 72 | 198.3 | 0.63 (0.28–1.39) | 0.72 (0.32–1.65) | 0.82 (0.35–1.92) | 0.93 (0.39–2.23) |
| p-trend | 0.242 | 0.417 | 0.642 | 0.875 | ||
a Energy-adjusted using the residuals method. b Adjusted for sex (males/females) and age (years). c Adjusted for sex (males/females), age (years) and BMI (normal/overweight or obesity). d Adjusted for sex (males/females), age (years), BMI (normal/overweight or obesity) and energy-adjusted MUFAs intake (g/day). e Adjusted for sex (males/females), age (years), BMI (normal/overweight or obesity), energy-adjusted MUFAs intake (g/day) and total energy intake (kcal/day). f Adjusted for sex (males/females), age (years), Mother’s language (Spanish/Indigenous) and BMI (normal/overweight or obesity). g Adjusted for sex (males/females), age (years), mother’s language (Spanish/Indigenous), BMI (normal/overweight or obesity) and energy-adjusted dietary fiber intake (g/day). h Adjusted for sex (males/females), age (years), Mother’s language (Spanish/Indigenous), BMI (normal/overweight or obesity) and energy-adjusted dietary fiber intake (g/day) and total energy intake (kcal/day). BMI, body mass index.