Table 2.

Guidelines for carbohydrate intake by endurance-trained athletes without type one diabetes (T1D), adapted from Burke [129], Jeukendrup [130] and the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines [128].

Level of Activity	Carbohydrate Targets
Light (low intensity or skill-based activities)	3–5 g/kg bodyweight/day
Moderate (approximately 1 h per day)	5—7 g/kg bodyweight/day
High (e.g., 1–3 h moderate to high-intensity exercise)	6–10 g/kg bodyweight/day
Very high (e.g., >4/5 h of moderate to high-intensity exercise)	8–12 g/kg bodyweight/day
Extreme (e.g., elite cycle competition)	>12 g/kg bodyweight/day

Note: Nutrition goals for athletes are not static. Many athletes undertake a periodized program in which preparation for peak performance is achieved using different types of workout over the training calendar. Nutrition support needs to be periodized, taking the nutritional requirements of daily training sessions into account.