Table 4.

Risk and protective factors for BS.

Study	Factors Contributing to the More Frequent or Increased Incidence of BS	Protective Factors
[36]	- practicing 10–20 years - number of workplaces	- long work experience (≥20 years)
[37]	- work overload - negative affectivity - female (higher level of stress) - lack of rewards - physical burden - unpleasant work conditions - type D personality
[38]	- sense of loss resources in last 12 months: hedonistic and vital, spiritual, family, material and political, power and prestige - cynicism
[39]	- specialty (neurology)	- high score in Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale
[40]		- strong internal locus of control
[41]	- low job satisfaction - not having further qualification
[42]	- high level of psychophysical demands and of requirements associated with responsibility for other people’s safety - female (lower self-perceived personal accomplishment)	- high level of intellectual demands, - individual cognitive control - high level of support provided by superiors and co-workers - self-enhancing humor style
[43]	- shorter professional experience
[44]	- non-surgical specialty	- high level of empathy
[45]	- high workload (>60 hours a week)	- satisfaction with social life - good health
Series: [46,47,48,49,50]	2011: low level of the sense of comprehensibility in the 6th, high level of “trait” anxiety in the 4th, high level of depression in the 3rd, low need for social approval in the 3rd year of medical school 2012: - type of career “Committed—satisfied with career”—the most committed to their work with the highest level of work stress	2012: - type of career “Clever—satisfied with life”—the least committed to their work, but deriving the most benefit from it - well-being and life satisfaction 2014: - high sense of coherence at medical studies 2016: - taking actions and dealing directly with the problem at medical studies 2018: - family, freedom, happiness, mature love, self-respect, social recognition and wisdom
[8]	- negative assessment of healthcare, - poor relationships between healthcare professionals - positive assessment of conditions offered to in-patients - positive patients’ attitude toward physicians - negative patients’ attitude toward nurses	- seniority - positive general assessment of healthcare, - negative assessment of patients’ attitude toward physicians - proper relationship between healthcare professionals
[55]	- high level of perceived stress - large number of duties per month	- seniority - frequent use of annual leave