Table 1.
Overview of DENV-infected cells in humans as identified in human autopsy and various in vitro studies.
| Human Organs/Tissues | Primary Cells/Cell Lines | Presence of DENV Antigens/RNA | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Skin | a. Primary epidermal keratinocytes and HaCaT cells | Negative sense (−) RNA, envelope (E) and non-structural (NS) proteins NS5 and NS3 | [28,121,122] |
| b. Primary dermal mast cells, HMC1 and KU812 cell lines | Positive-sense (+) RNA and viral capsid (C) | [29,30,31,123] | |
| c. Dermal DCs (CD1c+ and CD14+) and Langerhan cells | NS1, E and positive-sense (+) RNA | [21,25,27] | |
| d. Monocyte-derived DCs in dermis | NS1 and E | [25,26,124] | |
| e. Dermal macrophages | Positive-sense (+) RNA and E | [21,27,125,126,127] | |
| f. Fibroblasts | NS3 | [28] | |
| g. Lymphatic endothelium | NS3 | [28] | |
| h. Human microvascular endothelium line-1 (HMEC-1) | E and NS1 | [128,129,130,131,132,133] | |
| Draining Lymph nodes | a. Macrophages | DENV RNA and NS3 | [13,18,34] |
| b. Immunoblasts | Unspecified | [34] | |
| c. Lymphocytes | Unspecified | [34] | |
| d. Plasma cells | Unspecified | [34] | |
| Spleen | a. Macrophages in red pulp | Negative-sense (−) and positive-sense (+) RNA, NS3, E and NS1 | [13,14,15,18,20,34,35,37] |
| b. Splenic endothelium and sinusoidal endothelium | NS3 | [18,130,131] | |
| c. Immunoblasts in white pulp | Positive-sense (+) RNA and an unspecified DENV antigen | [15,34] | |
| d. Lymphocytes in white pulp | Positive-sense (+) RNA and an unspecified DENV antigen | [15,34] | |
| e. Lymphocytes in red pulp | Positive-sense (+) RNA and an unspecified DENV antigen | [15] | |
| f. Giant cells (binucleated or multinucleated) | Positive-sense (+) RNA and an unspecified DENV antigen | [15] | |
| g. Plasma cells | Unspecified | [34] | |
| h. Mononuclear cells (macrophages and DCs) in white pulp | NS3, NS1 and E | [18,35] | |
| i. Germinal centers in lymphoid follicle | Positive-sense (+) RNA and an unspecified DENV antigen | [15] | |
| j. Centroblasts in white pulp | Positive-sense (+) RNA and an unspecified DENV antigen | [15] | |
| Central Nervous System | a. Vascular endothelium and human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) | Positive-sense (+) RNA | [74,130,131,133,134] |
| b. Neurons | Positive-sense (+) RNA and NS3 | [34,74,133] | |
| c. Astrocytes | Positive-sense (+) RNA and NS3 | [18,34,74,135] | |
| d. Microglia | Positive-sense (+) RNA | [34,74] | |
| e. Lymphocytes, Purkinje cells and granular cells | Unspecified | [34] | |
| Kidney | a. Immunoblasts | Unspecified | [34] |
| b. Histiocytes | Unspecified | [34] | |
| c. Plasma cells | Unspecified | [34] | |
| d. Lymphocytes | Unspecified | [34] | |
| Liver | a. Hepatocytes, HepG2, Huh7, Huh75.1 and Huh7.5 | Negative-sense (−) and positive-sense (+) RNA and NS3 | [13,14,20,34,135,136,137,138,139] |
| b. Kuppfer cells | Negative-sense (−) and positive-sense (+) RNA and NS3 | [13,14,15,20,34] | |
| c. Vascular/sinusoidal endothelium | Negative-sense (−) and positive-sense (+) RNA and NS3 | [13,14,15,20,34,130] | |
| Lung | a. Alveolar macrophages | Negative-sense (−) RNA and NS3 | [14,15,20,34] |
| b. Type II pneumocytes | Negative-sense (−) RNA and NS3 | [14,20,34] | |
| c. Vascular endothelium and human pulmonary endothelial cell (EC) line (HPMEC-ST1.6R) | Negative-sense (−) and positive-sense (+) RNA and NS3 | [14,15,20,34,130,140] | |
| Intestine | a. Plasma cells in lamina propria | Unspecified | [34] |
| b. Mononuclear cells in lamina propria | Unspecified | [34] | |
| Heart | a. Myocardial endothelium | Negative-sense (−) RNA and NS3 | [20,104] |
| b. Myocardial interstitial cells | Unspecified | [104] | |
| c. Cardiomyocytes | Negative-sense (−) RNA and NS3 | [20,104] | |
| d. Monocytes/macrophages | Negative-sense (−) RNA and NS3 | [20] | |
| Stomach | a. Lymphocytes in mucosa | Unspecified | [34] |
| b. Plasma cells in lamina propria | Unspecified | [34] | |
| Blood | a. Peripheral blood monocyte/macrophage (PBMC)-derived primary B cells and B cell lines (Raji cells, Wil 2WT, BM, LK63, Daudi and 8866) | Negative-sense (−) RNA, an unspecified DENV antigen (primary B cells) and DENV RNA (BM and LK63, Daudi, Raji) | [141,142,143,144,145] |
| b. PBMC-derived T cells and T cell lines (JK44, JK49, CB2.8, CB6.17, HSB-2, Molt-4 and Jurkat) | (Wil 2WT and 8866) DENV NS3, C, NS1 (Primary T cells), DENV RNA (Molt-4 and Jurkat) and an unspecified antigen (JK44, JK49, CB2.8, CB6.17 and HSB-2) |
[143,145,146,147] | |
| c. Activated monocytes and U937 cells | prM and NS3 | [17,125,127,128,148,149,150] | |
| d. Blood-derived DCs | Negative-sense (−) and positive-sense (+) RNA, DENV E and NS1 | [25,124,126,151,152] |