Table 3.

Studies on glucose homeostasis effects related to cocoa or chocolate use, included in this review.

Study	Study Design	Food Type	Main Outcomes
Gu Y. et al. 2011 [49]	In vitro porcine study	Cocoa	Cocoa extracts and cocoa procyanidins inhibited enzymes for digestion of carbohydrates and lipids, suggesting a role in body weight management in conjunction with a low calorie diet
Matsumoto C. et al. 2015 [50]	Randomized human study	Chocolate	Inverse relation of chocolate intake with incident diabetes mellitus in younger and normal–body weight men
Maskarinec G. et al. 2019 [51]	Cohort human study	Chocolate products	Participants with higher chocolate consumption and higher flavanol intake from cocoa products experienced a lower risk of developing type-2 diabetes
Yuan S. et al. 2017 [52]	Prospective human study	Chocolate	Chocolate consumption was associated with decreased risks of coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
Dong J-Y et al. 2019 [53]	Prospective cohort human study	Chocolate	Chocolate consumption was associated with a lower risk of gestational diabetes mellitus
Almoosawi S. et al. 2012 [54]	Single-blind randomized placebo-controlled cross-over human study	Chocolate	Metabolic benefits of consuming polyphenol-rich dark chocolate and possibility of adverse effects occurring with polyphenol-poor chocolate