Table 2.
Results of analyzing factors associated with MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination).
| Variables | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | S.E | p-Value | β | S.E | p-Value | |
| Changes in Depressive State | ||||||
| Normal to Normal (Group A) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Normal to Depressive (Group B) | −0.717 | 0.102 | <0.0001 | −0.629 | 0.097 | <0.0001 |
| Depressive to Normal (Group C) | −0.416 | 0.094 | <0.0001 | −0.430 | 0.087 | <0.0001 |
| Depressive to Depressive (Group D) | −1.539 | 0.108 | <0.0001 | −1.413 | 0.104 | <0.0001 |
| Age | ||||||
| 45–54 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| 55–64 | 0.362 | 0.089 | <0.0001 | 0.423 | 0.079 | <0.0001 |
| 65–74 | 0.123 | 0.125 | 0.3240 | −0.460 | 0.122 | 0.0002 |
| ≥75 | −0.722 | 0.174 | <0.0001 | −2.836 | 0.167 | <0.0001 |
| Education level | ||||||
| Elementary school or less | −2.423 | 0.169 | <0.0001 | −4.521 | 0.179 | <0.0001 |
| Middle school | −0.602 | 0.160 | 0.0002 | −1.243 | 0.175 | <0.0001 |
| High school | −0.232 | 0.117 | 0.0464 | −0.434 | 0.150 | 0.0039 |
| University or beyond | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Region | ||||||
| Metropolitan | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Rural | −0.065 | 0.102 | 0.5243 | −0.332 | 0.106 | 0.0018 |
| Working Status | ||||||
| Working | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Non–working | −0.698 | 0.091 | <0.0001 | −0.646 | 0.080 | <0.0001 |
| Household income | ||||||
| Low | −1.150 | 0.145 | <0.0001 | −0.295 | 0.141 | 0.0363 |
| Mid–low | −0.145 | 0.094 | 0.0060 | 0.267 | 0.119 | 0.0251 |
| Mid–high | −0.145 | 0.094 | 0.1205 | 0.137 | 0.104 | 0.1889 |
| High | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Participation in social activities | ||||||
| No | −1.734 | 0.127 | <0.0001 | −1.654 | 0.105 | <0.0001 |
| Yes | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Perceived health status | ||||||
| Healthy | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Average | −0.343 | 0.068 | <0.0001 | −0.442 | 0.073 | <0.0001 |
| Unhealthy | −2.281 | 0.145 | <0.0001 | −2.085 | 0.116 | <0.0001 |
| Regular physical activities | ||||||
| Yes | 0.587 | 0.077 | <0.0001 | 0.671 | 0.072 | <0.0001 |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Smoking | ||||||
| Current | 0.371 | 0.121 | 0.0022 | 0.109 | 0.333 | 0.7445 |
| Former | 0.187 | 0.126 | 0.1384 | −0.649 | 0.399 | 0.1040 |
| Never | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Alcohol intake | ||||||
| Yes | 0.357 | 0.093 | 0.0001 | 0.541 | 0.108 | <0.0001 |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Number of chronic medical conditions | ||||||
| None | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| 1 | 0.077 | 0.100 | 0.4414 | 0.261 | 0.115 | 0.0226 |
| ≥2 | −0.148 | 0.126 | 0.2413 | 0.108 | 0.142 | 0.4461 |
| Weight change of ≥5kg in the past year | ||||||
| No change | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Increase | −0.172 | 0.128 | 0.1785 | 0.086 | 0.105 | 0.4153 |
| Decrease | −0.677 | 0.123 | <0.0001 | −0.395 | 0.109 | 0.0003 |
| Fluctuations | –1.115 | 0.189 | <0.0001 | −1.395 | 0.175 | <0.0001 |
| Number of cohabiting generations | ||||||
| Couple | 0.702 | 0.171 | <0.0001 | 0.996 | 0.156 | <0.0001 |
| Two generations | 0.308 | 0.166 | 0.0626 | 0.423 | 0.157 | 0.0070 |
| Over two generations | Ref. | Ref. | ||||