Skip to main content
. 2019 Dec 6;16(24):4965. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16244965

Table 2.

Characteristics of study participants according to emergency department (ED) use and bivariate analyses.

Factors Total (n = 270) Non-Users ED
(n = 133)		 ED Users
(n = 137)		 Bivariate Analyses
n/
Mean		 %/
SD		 n/
Mean		 %/
SD		 n/
Mean		 %/
SD		 OR p-Value
Predisposing factors (T0)
  Age: 18–39 years 14 5.19 5 3.76 9 6.57 - -
  40–49 years 103 38.15 54 40.60 49 35.77 0.50 0.247
  50 and over 153 56.67 74 55.64 79 57.66 0.59 0.368
  Sex: female 114 42.22 58 43.61 56 40.88 0.89 0.649
  Education (college or over) 88 32.59 46 34.59 42 30.66 0.84 0.491
  Marital status: in couple 12 4.44 5 3.76 7 5.11 1.38 0.592
  Employed 21 7.78 10 7.52 11 8.03 1.07 0.876
  Chronic homelessness 141 52.22 72 54.14 69 50.36 0.86 0.535
  Housing: shelter 17 6.30 5 3.76 12 8.76 - -
  Temporary housing 134 49.63 67 50.38 67 48.91 0.42 0.118
  Permanent housing 119 44.07 61 45.86 58 42.34 0.40 0.100
Needs factors (T0)
  Suicidal behaviors (ideation and attempt) 64 23.70 23 17.29 41 29.93 2.04 0.016
  Perceived physical health (mean/SD) 1 3.33 0.99 3.48 0.98 3.18 0.97 0.73 0.015
  Perceived mental health (mean/SD) 1 3.72 0.88 3.89 0.75 3.55 0.96 0.63 0.002
  Depressive disorder 102 37.78 43 32.33 59 43.07 1.58 0.070
  Post-traumatic stress disorder 14 5.19 5 3.76 9 6.57 1.80 0.304
  Anxiety disorders 51 18.89 17 12.78 34 24.82 2.25 0.013
  Bipolar disorders 37 13.70 14 10.53 23 16.79 1.72 0.138
  Psychotic disorders 59 21.85 26 19.55 33 24.09 1.31 0.368
  Personality disorders 187 69.26 88 66.17 99 72.26 1.33 0.278
  Substance use disorders (SUD) 101 37.41 40 30.08 61 44.53 1.87 0.015
  Chronic physical illness (CPI) 94 34.81 40 30.08 54 39.42 1.51 0.108
  Co-occurring disorders: mental disorders (MD/SUD) 94 34.81 37 27.82 57 41.61 1.85 0.018
  MD/CPI 85 31.48 36 27.07 49 35.77 1.50 0.125
  SUD/CPI 46 17.04 15 11.28 31 22.63 2.30 0.015
  MD/SUD/CPI 43 15.93 14 10.53 29 21.17 2.28 0.019
  Number of CPI (mean/SD) 0.6 0.98 0.46 0.77 0.74 1.13 1.36 0.022
Enabling factors (T0)
  Has a family physician 153 56.67 71 53.38 82 59.85 1.30 0.284
  Has a case manager 136 50.37 67 50.38 69 50.36 1.00 0.999
  Consulted a psychiatrist in previous 12 months 84 31.11 32 24.06 52 37.96 1.93 0.014
  Public primary care use in previous 12 months 2 199 73.7 94 70.68 105 76.64 1.36 0.266
  Community primary care use in previous 12 Months 3 229 84.81 116 87.22 113 82.48 0.69 0.280
  Specialized ambulatory service use in previous 12 months 4 81 30.00 31 9.77 50 36.50 1.89 0.019
  Overall satisfaction with services score (mean/SD) 3.99 0.76 4.10 23.31 3.88 0.77 0.68 0.021
  Number of social supports used (mean/SD) 5 2.18 2.44 2.25 2.37 2.12 2.51 0.98 0.658
  Stigma score 6 (mean/SD) 6.53 1.15 6.76 1.00 6.31 1.24 0.69 0.001
  Quality of life score (mean/SD) 7 71.05 9.76 72.64 9.61 69.0 9.69 0.97 0.009

1 The higher the score, the better the perception of physical health or mental health. 2 Service use includes family doctors or other general practitioners in walk-in medical clinics at local community health service centers (LCHSC) or at private clinics, and other LCHSC services (e.g., psychosocial services). 3 Addiction treatment centers, support groups, women’s centers, employment support programs, or other community organizations (e.g., day centers, food banks). 4 Hospital services other than hospitalization or ED, and addiction rehabilitation center services. 5 Participants were asked to identify the number of significant persons they could confide in or relate to in difficult moments. 6 Scores ranging from 2 to 8: higher scores indicate less perceived stigma. 7 Quality of life score, range from 20 to 100: higher scores indicate better quality of life. SD—standard deviation, OR—odd ratio.