Table 1: Clinical and Preclinical Studies that Examined the Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Cardiovascular Health.
| Study | Type of Study | Observed Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Antoniewicz et al. 2019[54] | C | Acute inhalation of electronic cigarette aerosols with nicotine among healthy volunteers caused: ↑ heart rate, ↑ arterial stiffness, ↑ flow resistance in conducting airways |
| Chatterjee et al. 2019[79] | C | Acute electronic cigarette aerosol inhalation, without nicotine, led to the transient increase of circulating ↑ ICAM-1 and reactive oxygen species ↑ |
| Alzahrani et al. 2019[73] | C | Daily electronic cigarette use ↑ odds of having a myocardial infarction (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.20–2.66, p=0.004) |
| Nocella et al. 2018[104] | C | ↑ Soluble CD-40 ligand, ↑ soluble P-selectin, ↑ platelet aggregation |
| Wang et al. 2018[105] | C | Electronic cigarette-only use, compared with no product use, was associated with ↑ general health scores, ↑ breathing difficulty scores, ↑ higher proportion of self-reported chest pain, palpitations, CAD, arrhythmia, COPD and asthma |
| Quasim et al. 2018[106] | P | In mice, short-term electronic cigarette exposure ↑ risk of thrombogenesis and ↑ platelet function |
| Chaumont et al. 2018[107] | C | Nicotine, but not electronic cigarette vehicles (propylene glycol and glycerol), ↑ acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation, ↑ indices of arterial stiffness, ↑ systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate, ↑ plasma myeloperoxidase |
| Lee et al. 2018[108] | P | ↑ DNA damage, ↑ repair activity in mouse lung, heart and bladder |
| Franzen et al. 2018[75] | C | Electronic cigarette vaping led to ↑ peripheral and central arterial blood pressure, and ↑ pulse wave velocity |
| Moheimani et al. 2017[109] | C | Electronic cigarettes with nicotine caused ↑ sympathetic tone; ←→ no effect on oxidative stress (plasma paraoxonase) |
| Boas et al. 2017[96] | C | ↑ Activation of splenocardiac axis |
| Taylor et al. 2017[110] | P | No change ←→ in endothelial cell migration in vitro compared with scientific reference cigarette |
| Moheimani et al. 2017[80] | C | ↑ Cardiac sympathetic activity (habitual use), ↑ oxidative stress (habitual use) |
| Hom et al. 2016[76] | C | Platelets from healthy volunteers showed ↑ activation, ↑ adhesion, ↑ inflammation and ↑ aggregation potential upon exposure to electronic cigarette extracts of variable nicotine concentrations |
| Antoniewicz et al. 2016[111] | C | Ten puffs of electronic cigarette vapour ↑ endothelial progenitor cells in the blood of healthy volunteers |
| Anderson et al. 2016[80] | P | Electronic cigarette aerosol ↑ reactive oxygen species, induced DNA damage and cell death in EC |
| Vlachopoulos et al. 2016[78] | C | ↑ Aortic stiffness, ↑ blood pressure |
| Teasdale et al. 2016[86] | P | No change in ←→ stress response in human coronary artery endothelial cells in culture |
| Schweitzer et al. 2015[84] | P | Soluble components of electronic cigarettes, including nicotine, caused dose-dependent ↓ lung endothelial barrier function, ↑ oxidative stress, ↑ brisk inflammation |
| Palpant et al. 2015[112] | P | ↓ Decreased cardiac development in zebrafish and human embryonic stem cells |
| Farsalinos et al. 2014[77] | C | No immediate effects on myocardial relaxation |
| Szoltysek-Boldys et al. 2014[113] | C | No change ←→ in arterial stiffness |
| Farsalinos et al. 2013[48] | P | Some electronic cigarette samples had cytotoxic effect on cultured cardiomyoblasts |
C = clinical; CAD = coronary artery disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EC = endothelial cell; OR = odds ratio; P = preclinical.