Table 1.
Experimental details of the studies included in the review.
| Reference | Sample | Training Method/Technique | Training Duration | Exercise Prescription | Conditions | Were Repetitions Performed to Volitional Fatigue? | Measurement Variables | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wilk et al., 2018 [25] | 42 trained males | Tempo ECC | Acute | Bench Press | 2/0/2/0 vs. 5/0/3/0 vs. 6/0/4/0 | Yes | TVOL | Regular movement tempo resulted in highest REP to failure but with the lowest total TUT. |
| Hatfield et al., 2006 [26] | 9 trained males | Tempo ECC | Acute | Back Squat and Shoulder Press | 10/0/10/0 vs. volitional movement tempo | Yes | TVOL | Volitional movement tempo resulted in higher REP to failure. |
| Sakamoto and Sinclair 2006 [27] | 13 males | Tempo ECC | Acute | Bench Press | slow vs, medium vs. fast vs. ballistic | Yes | TVOL | Fast movement velocity resulted in the highest REP to failure. |
| Burd et al., 2012 [28] | 8 males | Tempo ECC | Acute | Knee Extension | 6/0/6/0 vs. 1/0/1/0 | Yes | TVOL | Slow movement tempo resulted in higher TUT. |
| Shibata et al., 2018 [29] | 24 male soccer players | Tempo ECC | 6 weeks | Parallel Back Squat | 4/0/2/0 vs. 2/0/2/0 | Yes | HT, STH | Both protocols lead to significant increase in muscle HT, but longer ECC duration was less effective in STH improvement. |
| English et al., 2014 [30] | 40 males | AEL | 8 weeks | Leg Press and Calf Press | 0, 33, 66, 100, or 138% of 1RM | No | HT, STH | AEL lead to the highest increases in muscle HT and STH. |
| Brandenburg and Docherty 2002 [31] | 18 males | AEL | 9 weeks | Preacher Curls, Supine Elbow Extensions | 75% vs. 120% 1RM | Yes | HT, STH | AEL lead to higher increase in STH for supine elbow extension, with no significant changes in muscle HT in both groups. |
| Walker et al., 2016 [32] | 28 trained males | AEL | 10 weeks | Leg Press and Unilateral Knee Extension | 6RM Leg Press, 10RM Unilateral Knee extensions vs. 140% 1RM | Yes | HT, TVOL | AEL lead to higher increase in work capacity (REP to failure), but not muscle HT. |
| Friedmann-Bette et al., 2010 [33] | 25 trained males | AEL | 6 weeks | Unilateral Knee Extensions | 8RM vs. 1.9-fold higher for ECC | Yes | HT, STH | Both protocols lead to significant increase in muscle HT and STH. |
| Loenneke et al., 2012 [34] | 20 (10 males and 10 females) trained | BFR | Acute | Bilateral Knee Extension | 30% 1RM BFR vs. 30% 1RM without BFR | Yes | TVOL | BFR reduced REP to failure. |
| Kubo et al., 2006 [35] | 9 males | BFR | 12 weeks | Unilateral Knee Extensions | 20% 1RM BFR vs. 80% 1RM without BFR | No | HT | Both protocols lead to significant increase in muscle HT. |
| Lowery et al., 2014 [36] | 20 males | BFR | 4 weeks | Biceps Curls | 30% 1RM BFR vs. 60% 1RM without BFR | No | HT | Both protocols lead to significant increase in muscle HT. |
| Farup et al., 2015 [37] | 10 males | BFR | 6 weeks | Dumbbell Curls | 40% 1RM BFR vs. 40% 1RM without BFR | Yes | HT, TVOL | Both protocols lead to significant increase in muscle HT, with reduced REP to failure in BFR. |
| Ellefsen et al., 2015 [38] | 9 untrained females | BFR | 12 weeks | Unilateral Knee Extensions | 30% 1RM BFR vs. 6−10RM without BFR | Yes | HT | Both protocols lead to significant increase in muscle HT. |
| Laurentino et al., 2012 [39] | 29 males | BFR | 8 weeks | Bilateral Knee Extension | 20% 1RM without BFR vs. 20%1RM BFR vs. 80%1RM without BFR | No | HT, STH | BFR lead to increase in muscle HT and STH with the same degree as high-intensity RT. |
| Lixandrao et al., 2015 [40] | 26 males | BFR | 12 weeks | Bilateral Knee Extension | 20 or 40% 1RM + BFR (40 or 80%AOP) vs. 80% 1RM without BFR | No | HT, STH | When BFR protocols are performed at very low intensities higher AOP is required. BFR protocols significantly improved muscle HT and STH, but with less effect in STH. |
| Yamanaka et al., 2012 [41] | 32 athletes | BFR | 4 weeks | Bench Press and Back Squat | 20% 1RM BFR vs. 20% 1RM | No | HT, STH | BFR significantly improved muscle HT and STH. |
| Cook et al., 2018 [42] | 18 males | BFR | 6 weeks | Leg Press and Knee Extension | 70% 1RM vs. 20% 1RM BFR | Yes (only last set) | HT, STH | Both protocols significantly improved muscle HT and STH, but BFR was less effective. |
| Yasuda et al., 2011 [43] | 30 males | BFR | 6 weeks | Bench Press | 75% 1RM vs. 30% 1RM BFR | No | HT, STH | Both protocols significantly improved muscle HT and STH, but BFR was less effective. |
| Oliver et al., 2015 [44] | 23 (12 trained and 11 untrained) males | CS | Acute | Back Squat | 4 sets of 10 REP vs. 4 sets of 2 CS of 5 REP at 70% 1RM | No | TVOL | CS allowed to lift a greater TVOL load with reduced TUT. |
| Iglesias-Soler et al., 2014 [45] | 9 athletes | CS | Acute | Parallel Back Squat | 3 sets to muscular failure of TS or CS | Yes | TVOL | CS lead to higher REP to failure. |
| Tufano et al., 2017 [46] | 12 trained males | CS | Acute | Back Squat | 3 sets of 12 REP vs. 3 sets of 3 CS of 4 REP vs. 3 sets of 6 CS of 2 REP at 60% 1RM | No | TVOL | CS protocols lead for greater external loads and higher TUT. |
| Wallace et al., 2019 [47] | 11 trained males | SS/Pre-Exhaustion | Acute | Bench Press, Incline Bench Press, Triceps Pushdowns, | TS vs. SS (agonists) vs. pre-exhaustion (single-joint + multi-joint exercise) vs. pre-exhaustion (multi-joint + single-joint) | Yes | TVOL | SS (agonists) decreased TVOL load. |
| Robbins et al., 2010 [48] | 16 trained males | SS/Pre-Exhaustion | Acute | Bench Press, Bench Pull | SS vs. TS | Yes | TVOL | SS (agonist-antagonist) increased total TVOL load. |
| Weakley et al., 2017 [49] | 14 trained males | SS/Pre-Exhaustion | Acute | Back Squat, Bench Press, Romanian Deadlift, Dumbbell Shoulder Press, Bent Over Row, Upright Row | TS vs. SS vs. tri-sets | No | TVOL | SS (upper-lower body, agonist-antagonist) and tri-sets protocols were more efficient (kilograms lifted per minute) than TS. |
| Soares et al., 2016 [50] | 14 trained males | SS/Pre-Exhaustion | Acute | Bench Press and Triceps Pushdowns | pre-exhaustion vs. TS | Yes | TVOL | Total TVOL load lifted is reduced when multi-joint exercise is performed after single-joint. |
| Fink et al., 2018 [51] | 16 males | DS/SST | 6 weeks | Triceps Pushdowns | 3 sets of TS vs. single DS | Yes | HT | Single set of DS lead to higher muscle HT. |
| Angleri et al., 2017 [52] | 32 males | DS/SST | 12 weeks | Leg Press and Knee Extension | DS vs. TS vs. crescent pyramid | Yes | HT, STH | All protocols significantly improved muscle HT and ST. |
| de Almeida et al., 2019 [53] | 12 trained males | DS/SST | Acute | Biceps Curls and Triceps Pulley Extensions | TS vs. SST | Yes | HT, TVOL | SST lead to greater acute muscle HT, with reduced training time, even with a lower total TVOL load. |
| Ozaki et al., 2018 [54] | 9 untrained males | DS/SST | 8 weeks | Dumbbell Curls | 3 sets of 80%1RM vs. 3 sets of 30%1RM vs. 1 set of 80%1RM and then four DS at 65%, 50%, 40% and 30%1RM | Yes | HT, STH, TVOL | A single high-load set with additional four DS increased muscle HT and STH as well as work capacity (REP to failure), with an reduced training time. |
ECC: eccentric; TVOL: training volume; HT: hypertrophy; STH: strength; REP: repetitions; TUT: time under tension; AEL: accentuated eccentric loading; 1RM: one-repetition maximum; ECC: eccentric; BFR: blood flow restriction; RT: resistance training; AOP: arterial occlusion pressure; CS: cluster set; TS: traditional set; SS: superset; DS: drop sets; SST: sarcoplasma stimulating training.