Table 1.
Studies showing protective effects of calorie restriction (CR)-induced autophagy in different organs. LC3: light chain 3.
| Liver Autophagy | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Species | CR Methods | Main Results | Ref |
| Fisher Rats | 40% calorie restriction (Life-long) |
CR had no substantial effect on the expression of autophagic proteins | [62] |
| SD Rats | Alternative day fasting (10 months) |
Alternative day fasting increased autophagy at high levels | [63] |
| Rat | 40% calorie restriction (4 months) |
CR increased autophagy flux (LC3-II/LC3-I ratio) especially in the mitochondrial membrane | [64] |
| Mice | 0%–40% calorie restriction (4 months) | A significant increase in autophagy was detected | [65] |
| Muscle Autophagy | |||
| Fisher Rats | 8% calorie restriction (Life-long) |
Mild CR attenuated the impairment of autophagy in rodent muscle during aging | [66] |
| Human | Up to 30% calorie restriction (3–15 years) |
Autophagy-related genes were significantly increased in response to CR | [67] |
| Mice | 40% calorie restriction (6–18 months) |
Autophagy and mitochondrial integrity was significantly increased | [68] |
| Adipose Tissue Autophagy | |||
| Mice | 40% calorie restriction (15 days) |
Autophagy was significantly induced in lean mice (but not in obese mice) | [69] |
| Mice | 40% calorie restriction (Life-long) |
Autophagy activity was enhanced in CR mice compare to aged mice | [70] |
| Kidney Autophagy | |||
| Mice | 40% calorie restriction (12 month) |
Autophagy flux and LC3 conversion were higher in CR mice | [58] |
| SD Rats | 40% calorie restriction (2 month) |
Short-term CR increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and beclin-1 expression | [71] |