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. 2019 Dec 9;11(12):717. doi: 10.3390/toxins11120717

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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PirAB^VP toxins bind to the digestive tract and induce sloughing of epithelial cells in brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) larvae. Immunohistochemistry of brine shrimp (A. franciscana) larvae after 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h post PirAB^VP toxin challenge. The paraffin sections were treated with anti-his Mab (monoclonal antibody) specific to His-tagged PirAB toxins, then counterstained with haematoxylin. Legend: (1) Gut cells; (2) brush border; (3) gut lumen (A,B): 0 h post-challenge; (C,D): 12 h post-challenge; (E,F): 24 h post-challenge (G,H): 36 h post-challenge; (I,J): 48 h post-challenge; (K,L): 60 h post-challenge. (C,L): PirAB^VP toxin binds with digestive tract epithelium and induce shedding or sloughing of enterocytes in the midgut and hindgut regions (arrowhead). At 48 h and 60 h post-challenge, epithelium was severely damaged and the remaining cellular components including nuclei were further detached into the lumen and showed signs of degeneration such as pyknotic nuclei and lysed cellular membrane (arrowhead).

PirAB^VP toxins bind to the digestive tract and induce sloughing of epithelial cells in brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) larvae. Immunohistochemistry of brine shrimp (A. franciscana) larvae after 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h post PirAB^VP toxin challenge. The paraffin sections were treated with anti-his Mab (monoclonal antibody) specific to His-tagged PirAB toxins, then counterstained with haematoxylin. Legend: (1) Gut cells; (2) brush border; (3) gut lumen (A,B): 0 h post-challenge; (C,D): 12 h post-challenge; (E,F): 24 h post-challenge (G,H): 36 h post-challenge; (I,J): 48 h post-challenge; (K,L): 60 h post-challenge. (C,L): PirAB^VP toxin binds with digestive tract epithelium and induce shedding or sloughing of enterocytes in the midgut and hindgut regions (arrowhead). At 48 h and 60 h post-challenge, epithelium was severely damaged and the remaining cellular components including nuclei were further detached into the lumen and showed signs of degeneration such as pyknotic nuclei and lysed cellular membrane (arrowhead).