Table 1.

Overview of the key literature for each section.

	Section Highlights	Authors (Year)	Article (Title)	Source (Journal)	Relevant Findings and Their Implications to the Highlights
Section 1	Human resilience may protect us from developing mental health issues.	Southwick and Charney (2012)	The Science of Resilience: Implications for the Prevention and Treatment of Depression	Science	This paper shows the importance of resilience in protecting humans from developing mental issues. Authors review interdisciplinary factors that influences resilience and call for integrating salient concepts of resilience into relevant fields of medicine, mental health, and science.
		Southwick et al. (2014)	Resilience Definitions, Theory, and Challenges: Interdisci-plinary Perspectives	European Journal of Psychotrau-matology	This paper summarizes the discussion from multidisciplinary experts in the study of psychological resilience for the most pressing current questions in the field of resilience research. The consensus among these experts was resilience is a complex construct and multiple levels of analysis from interdisciplinary perspectives are urgent and needed.
Section 2	Resilience refers to a dynamic process encompassing positive adaptation within the context of significant adversity.	Fletcher and Sarkar (2013)	Psychological Resilience: A Review and Critique of Definitions, Concepts, and Theory	European Psychologist.	In this paper, the authors review the literature and operationalized definitions of resilience, suggesting positive adaptation must be conceptually appropriate to the adversity examined. They argue more conceptual study is needed that should take into account the multiple demands individuals encounter, the meta-cognitive and -emotive processes that affect the resilience–stress relationship, and the conceptual distinction between resilience and coping.
		Mancini and Bonanno (2009)	Predictors and Parameters of Resilience to Loss: Toward an Individual Differences Model	Journal of Personality	In this paper, Bonanno, et al. discussed what is the resilient capacity by reviewing prior work (G.A. Bonanno, 2004). They provide an operational definition of resilience as a specific trajectory of psychological outcome and describe how the resilient trajectory differs from other trajectories of response to loss. They integrate these individual differences in a hypothesized model of resilience, focusing on their role in appraisal processes and the use of social resources. In line with this paper, we suggest the period between experience difficulties completing their normal tasks at daily functioning until begin to return to their pre-loss level of functioning that able to complete tasks in daily life may see as indexes of positive adaptation.
Section 3	Cognitive appraisal mediates cognition–emotion–perception processes from adverse experience to positive adaptation.	Major et al. (1998)	Personal Resilience, Cognitive Appraisals, and Coping: An Integrative Model of Adjustment to Abortion	Journal of Personality and Social Psychology	In this paper, the authors found that women who had more resilient personality resources to draw on (i.e., self-esteem, perceived control, and optimism) were less likely to appraise their upcoming abortions as stressful. The results implied the role of cognitive appraisals in personal resilience and coping are discussed as possible mediators of this relationship.
		Verduyn et al. (2011)	The Relation Between Event Processing and the Duration of Emotional Experience	Emotion	In this paper, the authors explored the factors that affect the duration of emotional experience. Specifically, they focus on the difference between rumination versus reappraisal of an emotional event. They explored how this difference affects the “duration” of an emotional experience, and in which direction it proceeds (shortening or lengthening). The authors argue that cognition is the primary factor impacting duration and the experience of emotion, by claiming that “thoughts appear to act as the fuel that stirs up the emotional fire and leads to a prolongation of the episode”. This study demonstrates the significance of cognitive appraisal by indicating its role in the duration of an emotional experience.
		Doukas et al. (2019)	Hurts So Good: Pain as an Emotion Regulation Strategy.	Emotion	In this paper, the authors tested two primary hypotheses: some people will choose to inflict pain to regulate negative emotional states, and (b) pain provides effective short-term relief from negative emotion. Their results suggest physical pain as a response to an emotion regulation strategy, linking physical pain, emotional response, and cognitive appraisal.
		Eysenck et al. (2007)	Anxiety and Cognitive Performance: Attentional Control Theory.	Emotion	In this paper, Eysenck et al. discussed top-down and bottom-up processing in regulating two central executive functions related to attentional control: inhibition and shifting. Mental health impaired (e.g., anxiety) disrupts these two functions by weakens the degree to which inhibitory mechanisms can regulate automatic responses, that is, anxiety weakens top-down cognitive control. They illuminate the functional role of attention in modulating these processes and neatly capture the special contribution of cortical processing to adaptive success. This theory has a profound impact on mental health research. We speculate this regulatory mechanism also exists in the process of positive adaption in the face of adversity.
Section 4	Frontal brain network connects cognitive control, emotion regulation, and pain perception	Shin et al. (2004)	Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in the Amygdala and Medial Prefrontal Cortex during Traumatic Imagery in Male and Female Vietnam Veterans with PTSD	Archives of General Psychiatry	Shin et al. have reported that PTSD patients showed amygdala hyperactivation and frontal hypoactivation and found that these regional activities were significantly correlated with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale score. Indeed, some functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown an altered resting-state FC in some brain regions, including the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and medial prefrontal cortex in patients with PTSD, as compared to healthy controls. These findings suggested that disrupted frontal network connectivity may be related to those who struggled to recover from adverse experiences.
		Milad and Quirk (2002)	Neurons in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Signal Memory for Fear Extinction	Nature	Aversive experience events are often turned into unwanted memories. Simple reminders can then trigger the involuntary retrieval of these memories. Milad and Quirk (2002) used animal models to show the role of mPFC in storing long-term memories for fear of extinction [89]. The mPFC is also part of a core network that not only supports the recollection of past episodes but also imagines prospective events (e.g., when and where to meet a person).
Section 5	Cognitive flexibility moderate resilience by regulating frontal brain circuitry.	Gabrys et al. (2017)	Traumatic Life Events in Relation to Cognitive Flexibility: Moderating Role of the BDNF Val66Met Gene Polymorphism	Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience	In this paper, the authors showed that children who experience a longer duration of trauma experience greater difficulties in attention-shifting, highlighting the link between cognitive flexibility and early-life adverse experiences.
		Gabrys et al. (2019)	Acute Stressor Effects on Cognitive Flexibility: Mediating Role of Stressor Appraisals and Cortisol.	Stress	In this paper, the authors examined the effects of an acute psychosocial stressor (the Trier Social Stress Test) on a specific form of cognitive flexibility, namely that of set-shifting, which was assessed by the Berg’s Card Sorting Task (BCST). Their results showed that exposure to an acute social stressor promoted better performance on the BSCT, but this enhancing effect was minimized among individuals who appraised the stressor as being uncontrollable.
		Bonanno and Burton (2013)	Regulatory Flexibility: An Individual Differences Perspective on Coping and Emotion Regulation	Perspectives on Psychological Science	In this paper, the author describes emotion-regulation flexibility, defined as the matching of emotion-regulation strategy to environmental circumstance. They segmented emotion-regulation flexibility into three separable valuation systems: (1) how we read the situation or context-sensitivity; (2) a repertoire of behaviors; and (3) the ability to regroup by using corrective feedback. This paper echoes our concept of flexibility in regulating resilience: We focus on neurocognitive aspects of flexibility and suggest its mechanism underlies human resilience.
Section 6	Examples, questions remain and future direction.	Parsons et al. (2016)	A Cognitive Model of Psychological Resilience	Journal of Experimental Psychopathology	The authors proposed a cognitive model to describe the role of selective information processing in positive adaption in the face of adversity. In their theoretical framework, they provide some possible psychological task manipulations (e.g., threat cues to induce anxiety) that may enable the study of the development of cognitive functions that are important in the resilience process. This paper resonates with our paper and shows the potential to examine whether the cognitive aspect plays a role in resilience.