Table 2.
PPRV-RNA and antigen detection in selected tissue samples collected from different animal species experimentally intranasally infected with PPRV lineage IV Kurdistan/2011. (A) PPRV-RNA detected in tissue samples with real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) assay of Batten et al. 2011 [50]. Tissue most suitable for PPRV diagnosis by PCR in the examined species are highlighted in bold. All examined tissue samples from the positive control goat and various tissue samples from three cattle, three alpacas and one llama were PCR-positive. (B) PPRV-antigen detected in tissue samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using Mab anti-PPRV-Np (purified monoclonal mouse antibody against PPRV nucleoprotein, ID.vet). A few tissue samples from 2/3 alpacas were positive by IHC, while no PPRV-antigen was detected in any of the cattle and llama tissues. A PPRV-negative control goat and the contact control llama (L7 not PPRV-infected by contact) were PCR and IHC negative.
| (A) | ||||||||||||
| Animal Trial ID | C-G | C-G | C-G | SAC-GL | SAC-GL | SAC-GL | SAC-GL | SAC-GL | SAC-GL | D-GD | ||
| Animal ID | C1 | C2 | C3 | A1 | A2 | A3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | pc-G | ||
| dpi | 17 | 17 | 17 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 35 | ||
| Organ Location | Organ ID | Tissue (Cq) | ||||||||||
| head | 1 | third eye lid | 33.63 | 34.11 | 33.17 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 39.66 |
| 2 | lacrimal gland | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 34.39 | |
| 6 | tongue (apex) | nd | nd | nd | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd | |
| 7 | palatine tonsil | 33.26 | 34.80 | 30.55 | 33.88 | - | - | - | - | - | 32.78 | |
| 8 | retropharyngeal ln. | 32.83 | 32.20 | 31.45 | - | 35.32 | 37.42 | - | - | - | 31.48 | |
| 9 | mandibular ln. | nd | nd | nd | 33.21 | 34.56 | - | - | - | 33.28 | nd | |
| 10 | parotideal ln. | nd | nd | nd | 35.66 | - | - | - | - | - | nd | |
| cervical † | 11 | trachea | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd |
| 12 | esophagus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd | |
| thoracal | 13 | lung | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd |
| 14 | bronchial ln. | - | 34.84 | 35.41 | 34.94 | - | - | - | - | 32.93 | 32.28 | |
| 15 | mediastinal ln. | 36.07 | - | - | 32.56 | - | - | - | - | 35.08 | 31.07 | |
| abdominal | 19 | jejunal PP | 36.20 | 37.52 | 33.08 | 33.05 | - | - | - | - | - | nd |
| 20 | ileal PP | - | 38.43 | 33.82 | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd | |
| 21 | caecum | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd | |
| 22 | colon | - | 32.75 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 34.41 | |
| 23 | mesenteric ln. | - | 34.69 | 32.80 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 32.17 | |
| 24 | rectum | - | 38.43 | 33.82 | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd | |
| 27 | spleen | 37.86 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 34.28 | |
| cerebral | 30 | different brain tissues ‡ | nd | nd | nd | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| (B) | ||||||||||||
| Animal Trial ID | C-G | C-G | C-G | SAC-GL | SAC-GL | SAC-GL | SAC-GL | SAC-GL | SAC-GL | D-GD | ||
| Animal ID | C1 | C2 | C3 | A1 | A2 | A3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | pc-G | ||
| dpi | 17 | 17 | 17 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 35 | ||
| Organ Location | Organ ID | Tissue (IHC) | ||||||||||
| head | 1 | third eye lid * | nd | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd |
| 2 | lacrimal gland | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd | |
| 6 | tongue (apex) | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
| 7 | palatine tonsil * | - | - | - | - | ++ | + | - | - | - | nd | |
| 8 | retropharyngeal ln. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd | |
| 9 | mandibular ln. | nd | nd | nd | - | nd | - | - | - | - | nd | |
| 10 | parotideal ln. | nd | nd | nd | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd | |
| cervical † | 11 | trachea | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd |
| 12 | esophagus | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd | |
| thoracal | 13 | lung | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd |
| 14 | bronchial ln. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd | |
| 15 | mediastinal ln. | nd | - | - | - | nd | nd | - | - | - | nd | |
| abdominal | 19 | jejunal PP | - | - | - | - | nd | - | - | - | - | nd |
| 20 | ileal PP | nd | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd | |
| 21 | caecum * | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | nd | |
| 22 | colon * | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | nd | |
| 23 | mesenteric ln. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd | |
| 24 | rectum * | - | - | - | - | nd | - | - | - | - | nd | |
| 27 | spleen | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | nd | |
| cerebral | 30 | different brain tissues ‡ | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Cq, quantitative cycle value; dpi, days after infection; G, goat; IHC, Immunohistochemistry; ln., lymph node; C, cattle; A, alpaca; L, llama; SAC, South American camelids; pc-G, positive control goat; D, dromedary; PP, Peyer’s patches; * results by IHC in lymph reticular system and parenchymal tissue are summarized (the higher positive results are presented); ‡ examined brain tissues included choroid plexus, olfactory nerve, optic nerve, optic chiasm, pons, white cerebrum, fourth ventricle (roof), spinal cord (thoracical), medulla oblongata, trigeminal ganglion, as previously described (Schulz et al. 2018 [9]), from the pc-goat only cerebrum was analyzed; ++++, Cq 18–24.999, high PPRV-RNA load/IHC severe; +++, Cq 25–29.999, moderate PPRV-RNA load/IHC moderate; ++, Cq 30–34.999, low PPRV-RNA load/IHC mild; +, Cq 35–42, weak PPRV-RNA load/IHC weak; -, no Cq/IHC negative; nd, not done.