| WG | whole grain |
| FFQ | food frequency questionnaire |
| CI | 95% confidence interval |
| SD | standard deviation |
| SE | standard error |
| ICC | intraclass correlation coefficient |
| AR | alkylresorcinol |
| P-AR | plasma alkylresorcinol |
| WGR | whole-grain rye |
| WGW | whole-grain wheat |
| 3DFDs | 3-day food diaries |
| DRs | daily records |
| h | hours |
| RF | refined grain |
| EM | erythrocyte membrane |
| DHBA | 3,5-dihydroxybenozoic acid |
| DHPPA | 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid |
| DHCA | 3,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid |
| DHBA-glycine | 2-(3,5-dihydroxybenzamido)acetic acid |
| DHPPTA | 5-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)pentanoic acid |
| DHCA-amide | 3,5dihydroxycinnamic acid amide |
| DIBOA | 2,4-dihyxdoxy 1,4-benzoxazin-3one |
| HHPAA | hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide |
| HPAA | N-(2hydroxyphenyl) acetamide |