Fig. 7.

Restraint stress increases the NPS level in the LH (a) and the substance P level in the vlPAG. (b) Brain tissues containing the LH or vlPAG were punched and homogenized from restrained mice immediately after a 30 min-restraint stress (stress group) or from unrestrained control mice (non-stress group). NPS levels in LH homogenates were measured by an ELISA kit (Cusabio, College Park, MD, USA), whereas substance P level in vlPAG homogenates were measured by an EIA kit (Caymon Chemical. Ann Arbor, MI, USA). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. the Non-stress control group (Student’s t-test)