Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate Cox regression for analyzing overall survival among chondrosarcoma patients with pulmonary metastasis (diagnosed 2010–2016).
| Characteristics | Median OS | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | (95% CI) | p | HR | (95% CI) | p | ||
| Sex | NI | ||||||
| Female | 8 (1–82) | R | |||||
| Male | 7 (1–70) | 1.122 | 0.639–1.969 | 0.689 | |||
| Age | |||||||
| ≤67 | 8 (1–82) | R | R | ||||
| >67 | 3 (1–59) | 2.364 | 1.305–4.281 | 0.005 | 2.668 | 1.371–5.192 | 0.004 |
| Race | NI | ||||||
| White | 7.5 (1–82) | R | |||||
| Black | 8.5 (1–15) | 0.838 | 0.258–2.719 | 0.768 | |||
| Other | 4 (3–5) | 1.433 | 0.193–10.652 | 0.725 | |||
| Unknown | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Insurance status | NI | ||||||
| Uninsured | 7 (1–8) | R | |||||
| Insured | 7.5 (1–82) | 0.812 | 0.247–2.671 | 0.732 | |||
| Marital status | NI | ||||||
| Unmarried | 7 (1–47) | R | |||||
| Married | 8 (1–82) | 0.677 | 0.377–1.214 | 0.191 | |||
| Unknown | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Primary site | NI | ||||||
| Extremities | 6 (1–47) | R | |||||
| Spine | 7.5 (3–11) | 0.365 | 0.049–2.692 | 0.323 | |||
| Thoracic cage | 3 (1–70) | 0.741 | 0.342–1.604 | 0.446 | |||
| Others | 8 (1–82) | 0.657 | 0.336–1.285 | 0.220 | |||
| Histologic subtype | |||||||
| Conventional | 7 (1–82) | R | R | ||||
| Myxoid | 10 (9–28) | 0.743 | 0.175–3.148 | 0.687 | 1.069 | 0.223–5.111 | 0.934 |
| Mesenchymal | 47.000 | 0.474 | 0.063–3.542 | 0.467 | 0.085 | 0.018–1.294 | 0.085 |
| Clear cell | 1.000 | 10.437 | 1.275–85.470 | 0.029 | 10.971 | 1.216–98.942 | 0.033 |
| Dedifferentiated | 7 (1–21) | 1.672 | 0.907–3.081 | 0.099 | 1.890 | 0.977–3.655 | 0.059 |
| Grade | NI | ||||||
| Low grade | 7 (1–59) | R | |||||
| High grade | 7 (1–82) | 0.777 | 0.420–1.437 | 0.422 | |||
| Unknown | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Enneking staging | NI | ||||||
| A | 7 (1–30) | R | |||||
| B | 8 (1–82) | 0.818 | 0.359–1.864 | 0.633 | |||
| Unknown | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Regional lymph nodes mets | NI | ||||||
| No | 8 (1–82) | R | |||||
| Yes | 7.5 (1–28) | 1.251 | 0.492–3.183 | 0.638 | |||
| Unknown | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Local recurrence | NI | ||||||
| No | 7 (1–82) | R | |||||
| Yes | 5 (1–13) | 1.676 | 0.737–3.811 | 0.218 | |||
| Unknown | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Tumor size | |||||||
| ≤8.6 cm | 8.5 (1–82) | R | |||||
| >8.6–15 cm | 7.5 (1–70) | 1.232 | 0.615–2.468 | 0.555 | 0.917–4.297 | 0.082 | |
| >15 cm | 3.5 (1–47) | 2.331 | 1.110–4.895 | 0.025 | 1.857–11.462 | 0.001 | |
| Unknown | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Primary tumor surgery | |||||||
| No | 7 (1–59) | R | |||||
| Resection | 10.5 (1–82) | 0.507 | 0.274–0.937 | 0.030 | 0.263–1.075 | 0.079 | |
| Amputation | 4 (2–30) | 1.278 | 0.580–2.817 | 0.542 | 0.316–1.767 | 0.506 | |
| Regional lymph nodes removed | NI | ||||||
| No | 7.5 (1–82) | R | |||||
| Yes | 3.000 | 3.825 | 0.507–28.859 | 0.193 | |||
| Chemotherapy | NI | ||||||
| None/unknown | 5 (1–82) | R | |||||
| Yes | 9.5 (1–47) | 0.632 | 0.363–1.101 | 0.106 | |||
| Radiation | NI | ||||||
| None/unknown | 7 (1–82) | R | |||||
| Yes | 8 (1–47) | 0.870 | 0.476–1.588 | 0.650 | |||
| Radiation sequence with surgery | 0.560 | NI | |||||
| None | 7 (1–82) | R | |||||
| Prior | 7 (4–10) | 0.852 | 0.116–6.232 | 0.875 | |||
| After | 10.5 (6–28) | 0.528 | 0.164–1.701 | 0.284 | |||
R – reference; HR – hazard ratio; CI – confidence interval; NA – not applicable; NI – not included; mets – metastasis, OS – overall survival.