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. 2019 Oct 31;17:101005. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.101005

Table 4.

Stratified mixed effects models of tobacco retailer density and county-level adult smoking prevalence by metropolitan (n = 1146) vs. non-metropolitan (n = 1682) designation (2012; N = 2828 counties in 50 US states and DC).

Unadjusted
Adjusted
Model 1 (Metropolitan) Model 2 (Non-metropolitan) Model 3 (Metropolitan) Model 4 (Non-metropolitan)
LEVEL 1 (n = 2828) Retailer Density (range)
Q1 (0.25–0.96) ref
Q2 (0.96–1.21) 1.657** 0.161 1.041** 0.141
Q3 (1.22–1.56) 2.151** 0.271 1.444** 0.319
Q4 (1.56–4.53) 3.132** 0.270 1.913** 0.175



LEVEL 2 (n = 51) State Tobacco Policy
Cigarette tax ($) −0.917** −0.938**
Smoke-free air grade
Strong (A-B) −1.437* −1.500*
Weak (C-F) ref

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.

Tobacco retailer density measures retailers per 1000 population. Models 3 and 4 also control for four county demographic variables: the percent of the population that is African American, Hispanic, male and below the federal poverty level.