TABLE 3—
Adjusted Associations Between Changes in State-Level Firearm Laws and Workplace Homicide Rates: United States, 2011–2017
| b (95% CI) | Policies in IQR,a No. | Effect of IQR Change on Homicide Rate, % (95% CI) | |
| Overall effect of firearm policies | −0.0055 (−0.0087, −0.0023) | 20.5 | −3.68 (−3.86, −3.51) |
| Legislative subcategories | |||
| Concealed carry permitting | −0.0913 (−0.144, −0.0385) | 2 | −5.79 (−6.09, −5.50) |
| Domestic violence related | −0.0256 (−0.0391, −0.0121) | 6.5 | −5.31 (−5.57, −5.05) |
| Background checks | −0.0351 (−0.0584, −0.0119) | 4.5 | −5.07 (−5.32, −4.82) |
| Dealer regulations | −0.0304 (−0.0508, −0.0100) | 5 | −4.88 (−5.11, −4.65) |
| Child safety provisions | −0.0407 (−0.0699, −0.0116) | 3 | −3.99 (−4.18, −3.80) |
| Gun trafficking | −0.0584 (−0.113, −0.0034) | 2 | −3.82 (−4.00, −3.64) |
| Buyer regulations | −0.0276 (−0.0498, −0.0054) | 3 | −2.75 (−2.88, −2.62) |
| Ammunition regulations | −0.068 (−0.122, −0.0138) | 1 | −2.28 (−2.38, −2.17) |
| High-risk gun owner prohibitions | −0.028 (−0.0580, 0.0020) | 4 | −3.67 (−3.85, −3.50) |
| Possession regulations | −0.0195 (−0.0507, −0.0118) | 2 | −1.32 (−1.39, −1.26) |
| Assault weapon bans | −0.0115 (−0.0554, 0.0325) | 0 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) |
| No preemption | −0.0623 (−0.142, 0.0174) | 0 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) |
| No “stand your ground” law | 0.0225 (−0.123, 0.168) | 1 | 0.79 (0.75, 0.83) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; IQR = interquartile range. Units for parameter estimates are interpreted as the change in workplace homicides per 100 000 working people associated with a 1-unit increase in the firearm laws index the preceding year. Values were adjusted for the following variables by state and year: unemployment rate, percentage of residents below the federal poverty line, percentage of Black residents, percentage of residents with a college education, percentage of male residents, and nonhomicide violent crime rate. Data include year fixed effects.
Interquartile range refers to the effect of adding or strengthening laws at the state level. The IQR is interpreted as the number of laws in a given area that a state would need to add to become one of the strongest, rather than one of the weakest, states with respect to firearm-restricting laws in that area.