Table 3.
Odds ratio of emergency severity index, hospital admission, ICU admission, medical resources utilization, stratified by race/ethnics, NHAMCS 2005–2016.
| Race/ethnic group | Crude odds ratio | Adjusted for | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | + Social economic | + Visiting & clinical | + ESI score | |||
| ESI Score: immediate or emergent vs. semi or non-urgent | White | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | |
| Black | 0.88 (0.88–0.88) | 0.89 (0.89–0.89) | 0.96 (0.96–0.96) | 0.92 (0.91–0.92) | ||
| Hispanic | 0.77 (0.77–0.77) | 0.78 (0.78–0.78) | 0.84 (0.84–0.85) | 0.86 (0.86–0.86) | ||
| Asian | 1.04 (1.03–1.04) | 1.07 (1.07–1.07) | 1.05 (1.05–1.05) | 1.05 (1.04–1.05) | ||
| Other | 0.88 (0.88–0.88) | 0.88 (0.88–0.89) | 0.95 (0.95–0.95) | 0.94 (0.93–0.94) | ||
| ESI score: urgent vs. semi or non-urgent | White | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | |
| Black | 0.98 (0.98–0.98) | 0.99 (0.99–0.99) | 1.03 (1.03–1.03) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | ||
| Hispanic | 0.93 (0.93–0.93) | 0.95 (0.95–0.95) | 0.98 (0.98–0.98) | 0.94 (0.94–0.94) | ||
| Asian | 1.19 (1.19–1.19) | 1.23 (1.23–1.23) | 1.21 (1.21–1.21) | 1.15 (1.15–1.16) | ||
| Other | 1.06 (1.06–1.06) | 1.07 (1.07–1.07) | 1.08 (1.08–1.08) | 1.06 (1.06–1.07) | ||
| Hospital admission | White | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) |
| Black | 0.73 (0.73–0.73) | 0.74 (0.74–0.74) | 0.74 (0.74–0.74) | 0.69 (0.69–0.69) | 0.72 (0.72–0.72) | |
| Hispanic | 0.81 (0.81–0.82) | 0.83 (0.83–0.83) | 0.88 (0.88–0.88) | 0.85 (0.84–0.85) | 0.97 (0.97–0.97) | |
| Asian | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.03 (1.03–1.03) | 1.05 (1.04–1.05) | 0.95 (0.94–0.95) | 1.08 (1.07–1.08) | |
| Other | 1.20 (1.20–1.21) | 1.18 (1.18–1.19) | 1.34 (1.33–1.34) | 1.21 (1.21–1.22) | 1.43 (1.43–1.44) | |
| ICU | White | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) |
| Black | 0.97 (0.96–0.97) | 0.95 (0.95–0.96) | 0.94 (0.93–0.94) | 0.82 (0.81–0.82) | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | |
| Hispanic | 1.18 (1.17–1.18) | 1.15 (1.14–1.16) | 1.22 (1.21–1.22) | 1.17 (1.17–1.18) | 1.21 (1.20–1.21) | |
| Asian | 2.69 (2.67–2.72) | 2.59 (2.57–2.62) | 2.65 (2.62–2.67) | 2.46 (2.43–2.48) | 2.83 (2.80–2.86) | |
| Other | 0.28 (0.27–0.29) | 0.26 (0.25–0.27) | 0.38 (0.37–0.39) | 0.33 (0.31–0.34) | 0.39 (0.37–0.40) | |
| Blood test | White | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) |
| Black | 0.80 (0.80–0.80) | 0.83 (0.83–0.83) | 0.82 (0.82–0.82) | 0.74 (0.74–0.74) | 0.76 (0.76–0.76) | |
| Hispanic | 0.91 (0.91–0.91) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.05 (1.05–1.05) | 0.90 (0.90–0.90) | 0.96 (0.96–0.96) | |
| Asian | 0.89 (0.89–0.90) | 1.02 (1.02–1.02) | 1.05 (1.05–1.05) | 0.92 (0.92–0.92) | 0.93 (0.92–0.93) | |
| Other | 0.97 (0.96–0.97) | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) | 1.11 (1.11–1.12) | 1.03 (1.03–1.04) | 1.14 (1.14–1.14) | |
| Any imaging | White | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) |
| Black | 0.74 (0.74–0.74) | 0.78 (0.78–0.78) | 0.80 (0.80–0.80) | 0.83 (0.83–0.83) | 0.83 (0.83–0.83) | |
| Hispanic | 0.71 (0.71–0.71) | 0.77 (0.77–0.77) | 0.83 (0.83–0.83) | 0.88 (0.88–0.88) | 0.91 (0.90–0.91) | |
| Asian | 0.83 (0.83–0.83) | 0.94 (0.94–0.94) | 0.96 (0.96–0.96) | 0.93 (0.93–0.93) | 0.92 (0.92–0.93) | |
| Other | 0.77 (0.77–0.78) | 0.82 (0.82–0.82) | 0.87 (0.87–0.87) | 0.83 (0.83–0.84) | 0.84 (0.84–0.84) | |
| X-ray | White | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) |
| Black | 0.80 (0.80–0.80) | 0.83 (0.83–0.83) | 0.84 (0.84–0.84) | 0.88 (0.88–0.88) | 0.86 (0.86–0.86) | |
| Hispanic | 0.71 (0.71–0.71) | 0.75 (0.75–0.75) | 0.80 (0.80–0.80) | 0.86 (0.85–0.86) | 0.85 (0.85–0.85) | |
| Asian | 0.92 (0.92–0.92) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.03 (1.03–1.03) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.98 (0.98–0.98) | |
| Other | 0.87 (0.87–0.87) | 0.91 (0.90–0.91) | 0.96 (0.96–0.96) | 0.94 (0.94–0.95) | 0.94 (0.94–0.94) | |
| CT | White | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) |
| Black | 0.58 (0.58–0.59) | 0.63 (0.63–0.63) | 0.68 (0.68–0.68) | 0.69 (0.69–0.69) | 0.72 (0.72–0.72) | |
| Hispanic | 0.65 (0.65–0.65) | 0.77 (0.77–0.77) | 0.86 (0.86–0.86) | 0.87 (0.87–0.87) | 0.96 (0.96–0.96) | |
| Asian | 0.50 (0.50–0.51) | 0.62 (0.62–0.63) | 0.64 (0.63–0.64) | 0.62 (0.61–0.62) | 0.58 (0.57–0.58) | |
| Other | 0.59 (0.59–0.60) | 0.66 (0.66–0.67) | 0.72 (0.72–0.73) | 0.65 (0.64–0.65) | 0.76 (0.75–0.76) | |
| Ultrasound | White | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) |
| Black | 0.86 (0.86–0.87) | 0.92 (0.92–0.93) | 0.98 (0.98–0.98) | 0.91 (0.91–0.92) | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) | |
| Hispanic | 1.28 (1.27–1.28) | 1.52 (1.52–1.53) | 1.45 (1.45–1.46) | 1.24 (1.24–1.24) | 1.43 (1.43–1.44) | |
| Asian | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | 1.37 (1.36–1.38) | 1.28 (1.27–1.28) | 1.31 (1.31–1.32) | 1.23 (1.22–1.24) | |
| Other | 0.84 (0.83–0.85) | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | 0.90 (0.89–0.90) | 0.86 (0.86–0.87) | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | |
| MRI | White | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) |
| Black | 1.04 (1.03–1.04) | 1.10 (1.09–1.10) | 1.11 (1.10–1.12) | 1.16 (1.16–1.17) | 1.08 (1.07–1.09) | |
| Hispanic | 1.52 (1.51–1.53) | 1.71 (1.69–1.72) | 1.89 (1.88–1.91) | 2.04 (2.03–2.05) | 2.35 (2.33–2.36) | |
| Asian | 0.03 (0.03–0.04) | 0.04 (0.03–0.04) | 0.04 (0.04–0.04) | 0.04 (0.03–0.04) | 0.05 (0.04–0.05) | |
| Other | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Procedure | White | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) | Reference (1) |
| Black | 0.86 (0.86–0.86) | 0.89 (0.89–0.89) | 0.92 (0.92–0.92) | 0.97 (0.97–0.98) | 0.98 (0.98–0.98) | |
| Hispanic | 0.82 (0.82–0.82) | 0.87 (0.87–0.87) | 0.90 (0.90–0.90) | 0.95 (0.95–0.95) | 0.97 (0.97–0.97) | |
| Asian | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.09 (1.09–1.09) | 1.08 (1.08–1.08) | 1.09 (1.09–1.10) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | |
| Other | 0.86 (0.86–0.86) | 0.90 (0.90–0.90) | 0.92 (0.92–0.93) | 0.89 (0.89–0.89) | 0.89 (0.89–0.89) | |
+ Demographics adjusts for gender, age group; + Socioeconomic adjusts for residence type, insurance type, census region; + Visiting & Clinical: year, week of day, arrival by ambulance, seen within last 72 h, pain level, temperature, heart rate, dialytic blood pressure.