Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 9.
Published in final edited form as: Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2019 May 8;18(4):1111–1134. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12448

Figure 1. Synergistic action of the HPA axis and PNS hyperactivity in MSG-induced obesity. Modulation of immune response and susceptibility to carcinogenic agents in MSG-induced obese subjects.

Figure 1

(MSG: monosodium glutamate, PNS: parasympathetic nerve, ACh: acetylcholine, M3AchR: M3 subtype of cholinergic muscarinic receptor, HPA: hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, CB1R: peripheral cannabinoid receptor 1, Arc Nuc: hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, rER: Rough Endoplasmic reticulum, VM Nuc: ventromedial nucleus, WAT: white adipose tissue, PPARɣ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, TNFα: tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6: interleukin-6, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, IL-1β: interleukin-1beta, NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NASH: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, DEN: diethylnitrosamine, AOM: azoxymethane, HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma, CRC: colorectal carcinogenesis, SREBP-1c: sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta, HMW-adiponectin: high-molecular weight adiponectin, TAG: chylomicron triacylglycerol, TG: triglycerides, LDL: Low-density lipoproteins).