Fig. 1. Magnetopause crossing observed by MMS1.

a B. b Number density $N$. c V${}_{\mathrm{i}}$. d Ion differential energy flux (color scale, in unit of keV s${}^{-1}$ cm${}^{-2}$ sr${}^{-1}$ keV${}^{-1}$). e V${}_{\mathrm{e}}$. f Electron $T_{\mid \mid }$ and $T_{\perp }$. g Electron differential energy flux. h Electron pitch-angle distribution between 20 eV and 1 keV. i Agyrotropy measure $\sqrt{Q}$²⁷ with a background of 0.012 (black dashed line). j E with frequencies $f<$50 Hz. The vectors are all presented in LMN coordinate system. The red and blue vertical lines represent the neutral line and the magnetospheric separatrix, respectively. The agyrotropy measure $\sqrt{Q}$ with $N<$5 cm${}^{-3}$ is neglected. A detailed overview of the yellow-shaded region is presented in Fig. 3.