Table 1.
Demographic and Maternal Characteristics of SMARTT Study Participants by Microcephaly Status
| Microcephaly by Nellhaus Criteria |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | No (N=2896) | Yes (N=159) | Total (N=3055) |
| Cohort | |||
| Dynamic | 1,888 (65%) | 135 (85%) | 2,023 (66%) |
| Static | 1,008 (35%) | 24 (15%) | 1,032 (34%) |
| Birth Cohort | |||
| < 2002 | 311 (11%) | 3 (2%) | 314 (10%) |
| 2002–2006 | 533 (18%) | 11 (7%) | 544 (18%) |
| 2007–2010 | 937 (32%) | 69 (43%) | 1,006 (33%) |
| 2011–2014 | 824 (28%) | 62 (39%) | 886 (29%) |
| 2015–2017 | 291 (10%) | 14 (9%) | 305 (10%) |
| Female sex of infant | 1,408 (49%) | 72 (45%) | 1,480 (48%) |
| Race/origin | |||
| White | 775 (27%) | 42 (26%) | 817 (27%) |
| Black/African American | 1,940 (67%) | 105 (66%) | 2,045 (67%) |
| Other | 24 (1%) | 3 (2%) | 27 (1%) |
| Not known/not reported | 157 (5%) | 9 (6%) | 166 (5%) |
| Latino/Hispanic | 934 (32%) | 46 (29%) | 980 (32%) |
| Birth characteristics | |||
| Low birth weight (<2500g) | 496 (17%) | 46 (29%) | 542 (18%) |
| Preterm birth (<37 weeks gestation) | 542 (19%) | 32 (20%) | 574 (19%) |
| Small for gestational age (<10th percentile) | 509 (18%) | 57 (36%) | 566 (19%) |
| C-section at delivery | 1,570 (55%) | 88 (56%) | 1,658 (55%) |
| Caregiver/Household Characteristics | |||
| Household income<$20,000 | 1,930 (71%) | 127 (85%) | 2,057 (72%) |
| Caregiver not high school graduate | 946 (33%) | 77 (49%) | 1,023 (34%) |
| Maternal Characteristics | |||
| ARV Regimen during Pregnancy | |||
| No ARVs | 57 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 60 (2%) |
| Monotherapy | 62 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 63 (2%) |
| Dual therapy | 70 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 70 (2%) |
| cART | 2,615 (93%) | 151 (97%) | 2,766 (93%) |
| On ARV regimen at conception | 1,009 (36%) | 59 (38%) | 1,068 (36%) |
| PI-containing regimen | 2,026 (72%) | 114 (73%) | 2,140 (72%) |
| NNRTI-containing regimen | 506 (18%) | 34 (22%) | 540 (18%) |
| II-containing regimen | 250 (9%) | 14 (9%) | 264 (9%) |
| Age and Marital Status | |||
| >35 years at birth of child | 525 (18%) | 27 (17%) | 552 (18%) |
| Single, never married | 1,865 (65%) | 112 (72%) | 1,977 (65%) |
| Maternal Immunologic and Virologic Health During Pregnancy | |||
| VL > 1000 copies/mL at delivery | 362 (13%) | 20 (13%) | 382 (13%) |
| VL > 1000 copies/mL early in pregnancy | 1,399 (50%) | 84 (54%) | 1,483 (51%) |
| CD4<250 cells/μL at delivery | 387 (14%) | 29 (19%) | 416 (14%) |
| CD4<250 cells/μL early in pregnancy | 497 (18%) | 35 (23%) | 532 (18%) |
| Maternal Substance Use During Pregnancy | |||
| Marijuana | 203 (7%) | 16 (10%) | 219 (8%) |
| Hard drug use (cocaine/opiate) | 64 (2%) | 9 (6%) | 73 (3%) |
| Alcohol use | 224 (8%) | 22 (14%) | 246 (9%) |
| Tobacco use | 500 (18%) | 36 (23%) | 536 (19%) |
cART= combination antiretroviral treatment, defined as ≥3 drugs from ≥2 classes or ≥3 NRTIs, NRTI=nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NNRTI=non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, II=integrase inhibitor, PI=protease inhibitor, VL=HIV viral load.
Data on certain characteristics were not available for some participants, including ethnicity (n=3), birth characteristics (n=14 for birth weight, 24 for gestational age, 32 for delivery by Cesarean section), maternal age at delivery (n=22), marital status (n=24), household income (n=191), caregiver education (n=24), cART regimen (n=96), drug class exposures (n=72), maternal CD4 measures (n=130) and HIV RNA viral load (n=124), and maternal substance use (n=161); percentages are calculated based on those with available data.