Figure 2.

Comparative analysis of CPC-EVs and CPC-NVs characteristics and production process. NTA analysis showed that CPC-EVs and CPC-NVs have a comparable peak diameter between (a) ~50–200 nm, and (b) a mean diameter ± 126 nm. (c) Transmission electron microscopy showed a similar ‘cup-shaped’ morphology for both CPC-EVs and NVs. Scale bar = 100 nm (d) Western blot analysis of 1 µg CPC cell lysate (CL), CPC-NVs and CPC-EVs show that CPC-NVs are enriched with flotillin-1 and calnexin. In contrast, CPC-EVs are enriched with EV protein markers CD81, CD63, and Alix. (e) Total number of particles and (f) total protein content of CPC-EVs and CPC-NVs derived from 1 × 10⁷ CPC show that NVs are produced in a higher quantity than EVs when derived from the same cell density (n = 2). (g) Schematic overview of the production and purification timeline of EVs and NVs shows that NV production is more efficient compared to EV production. Data expressed as mean ± SEM. EVs = extracellular vesicles.