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. 2019 Dec 6;8(12):1589. doi: 10.3390/cells8121589

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Changes of plasma membrane Rap activity in primary β-cells from wildtype and Epac-deficient mouse islets. (A) Single-cell TIRF microscopy recording from a wildtype islet transduced with GFP-RalGDS^RBD. Representative for 37 cells from five experiments and four independent islet isolations. (B–D) Similar recordings from β-cells isolated from Epac1^-/- (B) Epac2^-/- (C) and Epac1/2-double knockout mice (D). Representative for 35 (B), 47 (C) and 75 (D) cells from four to five experiments and three independent islet preparations from each genotype. (E) Means ± s.e.m. for the effects of the Epac agonists on Rap activity expressed as time-averaged GFP-RalGDS^RBD fluorescence normalized to the baseline.