Table 1.
Average relative and absolute changes per year in age−standardised mortality rates (95% CI) between 2010-2014 and 1990-1994 (or as otherwise specified) for cardiovascular, ischaemic heart and cerebrovascular disease mortality, by low and high education, population and gender, 35–79 years
| Cardiovascular disease | Ischaemic heart disease | Cerebrovascular disease | ||||
| Relative* | Absolute† | Relative* | Absolute† | Relative* | Absolute† | |
| Men | ||||||
| Finland | ||||||
| Low | −3.6 (−3.6 to −3.5) | −26.0 (−26.1 to −25.8) | −4.2 (−4.3 to −4.2) | −19.7 (−19.9 to −19.6) | −3.9 (−4.0 to −3.8) | −5.0 (−5.0 to −4.9) |
| High | −5.0 (−5.0 to −5.0) | −20.7 (−21.4 to −19.9) | −5.7 (−5.7 to −5.7) | −14.5 (−15.0 to −13.9) | −5.3 (−5.4 to −5.3) | −4.4 (−4.7 to −4.1) |
| Denmark‡ | ||||||
| Low | −4.3 (−4.4 to −4.3) | −20.4 (−26.8 to −24.1) | −6.4 (−6.5 to −6.4) | −15.1 (−15.4 to −14.9) | −2.9 (−3.0 to −2.8) | −2.7 (−2.8 to −2.6) |
| High | −6.0 (−6.0 to −5.9) | −16.3 (−17.0 to −15.5) | −8.3 (−8.4 to −8.2) | −10.2 (−10.9 to −9.7) | −5.0 (−5.1 to −4.9) | −2.9 (−3.3 to −2.6) |
| England and Wales | ||||||
| Low | −5.8 (−6.1 to −5.6) | −30.4 (−38.8 to −37.2) | −6.1 (−6.4 to −5.8) | −21.3 (−21.6 to −21.1) | −6.5 (−7.1 to −5.8) | −5.2 (−5.4 to −5.0) |
| High | −6.0 (−6.3 to −5.7) | −20.9 (−22.5 to −18.9) | −6.0 (−6.3 to −5.7) | −13.5 (−14.8 to −12.1) | −6.5 (−7.6 to −4.9) | −3.6 (−4.5 to −2.7) |
| Austria | ||||||
| Low | −4.1 (−4.1 to −4.0) | −24.5 (−25.1 to −23.8) | −3.6 (−3.7 to −3.6) | −11.0 (−11.5 to −10.7) | −5.7 (−5.8 to −5.6) | −6.6 (−7.0 to −6.3) |
| High | −4.8 (−5.0 to −4.6) | −16.5 (−18.4 to −14.5) | −4.7 (−4.9 to −4.4) | −8.9 (−10.3 to −7.6) | −6.2 (−6.6 to −5.9) | −3.9 (−4.8 to −3.1) |
| Switzerland | ||||||
| Low | −3.9 (−4.0 to −3.8) | −18.3 (−18.4 to −18.2) | −4.2 (−4.4 to −4.1) | −9.6 (−9.6 to −9.5) | −4.9 (−5.1 to −4.6) | −3.1 (−3.2 to −3.0) |
| High | −5.3 (−5.4 to −5.3) | −13.4 (−13.8 to −13.1) | −6.1 (−6.1 to −6.0) | −7.8 (−8.1 to −7.5) | −5.6 (−5.8 to −5.5) | −2.0 (−2.2 to −1.9) |
| Spain (Barcelona) | ||||||
| Low | −3.5 (−3.6 to −3.3) | −10.6 (−10.7 to −10.5) | −3.7 (−4.0 to −3.5) | −4.8 (−4.9 to −4.7) | −5.3 (−5.6 to −4.9) | −3.6 (−3.7 to −3.6) |
| High | −4.6 (−4.7 to −4.4) | −10.3 (−10.9 to −9.9) | −4.9 (−5.2 to −4.5) | −5.0 (−5.3 to −4.6) | −5.4 (−5.8 to −4.9) | −2.7 (−3.0 to −2.5) |
| Italy (Turin) | ||||||
| Low | −4.9 (−5.2 to −4.7) | −18.6 (−18.9 to −18.3) | −4.5 (−4.8 to −4.1) | −7.0 (−7.2 to −6.8) | −6.0 (−6.4 to −5.4) | −5.4 (−5.5 to −5.2) |
| High | −5.1 (−5.5 to −4.6) | −14.9 (−15.7 to −13.9) | −4.9 (−5.5 to −4.2) | −6.0 (−6.6 to −5.4) | −4.6 (−5.3 to −3.3) | −2.8 (−3.2 to −2.5) |
| Italy (Emilia)§ | ||||||
| Low | −6.1 (−6.4 to −5.9) | −15.3 (−15.6 to −15.0) | −7.5 (−7.9 to −7.1) | −9.0 (−9.4 to −8.7) | −5.9 (−6.5 to −5.3) | −2.7 (−2.8 to −2.5) |
| High | −7.9 (−8.3 to −7.6) | −13.6 (−15.0 to −12.2) | −9.3 (−10.0 to −8.6) | −7.1 (−8.1 to −6.1) | −8.0 (−8.6 to −7.0) | −2.9 (−3.5 to −2.3) |
| Hungary | ||||||
| Low | −1.8 (−1.8 to −1.8) | −22.6 (−22.7 to −22.6) | −1.0 (−1.0 to −1.0) | −5.8 (−5.8 to −5.7) | −3.0 (−3.0 to −2.9) | −9.3 (−9.4 to −9.3) |
| High | −3.6 (−3.7 to −3.6) | −22.9 (−23.4 to −22.3) | −3.5 (−3.5 to −3.5) | −12.4 (−12.8 to −12.0) | −4.5 (−4.6 to −4.4) | −5.5 (−5.8 to −5.2) |
| Poland§ | ||||||
| Low | −2.4 (−2.4 to −2.4) | −24.0 (−24.1 to −23.9) | −4.1 (−4.1 to −4.0) | −14.2 (−14.2 to −14.1) | −3.7 (−3.7 to −3.7) | −7.8 (−7.9 to −7.8) |
| High | −2.9 (−3.0 to −2.9) | −11.7 (−12.0 to −11.4) | −5.4 (−5.5 to −5.4) | −8.7 (−9.0 to −8.5) | −3.7 (−3.7 to −3.6) | −2.9 (−3.1 to −2.8) |
| Estonia§ | ||||||
| Low | −3.2 (−3.4 to −3.1) | −42.8 (−43.7 to −42.0) | −5.7 (−5.9 to −5.4) | −39.0 (−39.4 to −38.6) | −8.9 (−9.3 to −8.4) | −21.2 (−21.5 to −21.0) |
| High | −4.7 (−4.8 to −4.6) | −27.9 (−28.9 to −26.8) | −7.2 (−7.4 to −7.0) | −22.1 (−23.1 to −21.1) | −10.5 (−11.0 to −9.8) | −11.9 (−12.8 to −11.1) |
| Lithuania§ | ||||||
| Low | −0.6 (−0.7 to −0.5) | −7.8 (−8.7 to −6.8) | −0.7 (−0.8 to −0.6) | −5.9 (−6.6 to −5.1) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.4) | 0.7 (0.2 to 1.2) |
| High | −2.0 (−2.1 to −2.0) | −12.5 (−13.0 to −11.9) | −2.1 (−2.2 to −2.1) | −8.6 (−9.0 to −8.1) | −1.0 (−1.1 to −0.9) | −1.2 (−1.5 to −1.0) |
| Women | ||||||
| Finland | ||||||
| Low | −4.2 (−4.3 to −4.1) | −12.7 (−12.9 to −12.6) | −5.4 (−5.5 to −5.3) | −8.3 (−8.4 to −8.2) | −4.4 (−4.6 to −4.2) | −3.6 (−3.7 to −3.6) |
| High | −5.2 (−5.2 to −5.2) | −8.1 (−8.6 to −7.7) | −6.5 (−6.5 to −6.4) | −4.5 (−4.9 to −4.2) | −5.2 (−5.3 to −5.1) | −2.7 (−2.9 to −2.4) |
| Denmark‡ | ||||||
| Low | −4.0 (−4.1 to −3.9) | −9.6 (−9.7 to −9.4) | −6.5 (−6.7 to −6.4) | −6.3 (−6.4 to −6.1) | −2.9 (−3.0 to −2.8) | −1.9 (−1.9 to −1.8) |
| High | −5.1 (−5.2 to −5.0) | −6.2 (−6.7 to −5.6) | −8.0 (−8.1 to −7.9) | −3.0 (−3.5 to −2.6) | −4.4 (−4.7 to −4.2) | −1.7 (−2.0 to −1.4) |
| England and Wales | ||||||
| Low | −5.6 (−5.8 to −5.3) | −14.8 (−15.0 to −14.6) | −7.0 (−7.4 to −6.5) | −9.4 (−9.6 to −9.2) | −5.8 (−6.3 to −5.1) | −4.0 (−4.2 to −3.9) |
| High | −6.2 (−6.6 to −5.8) | −10.6 (−12.1 to −9.0) | −7.1 (−7.9 to −6.0) | −4.8 (−6.0 to −3.6) | −8.4 (−9.5 to −6.7) | −4.1 (−5.3 to −3.0) |
| Austria | ||||||
| Low | −4.8 (−4.8 to −4.7) | −14.6 (−14.9 to −14.3) | −4.2 (−4.2 to −4.1) | −5.3 (−5.5 to −5.1) | −6.1 (−6.3 to −6.0) | −4.5 (−4.7 to −4.3) |
| High | −5.2 (−5.6 to −4.9) | −9.1 (−11.1 to −7.0) | −5.9 (−6.5 to −5.5) | −4.1 (−5.6 to −2.7) | −5.2 (−6.4 to −4.6) | −1.8 (−2.7 to −0.9) |
| Switzerland | ||||||
| Low | −4.3 (−4.4 to −4.2) | −7.8 (−7.9 to −7.8) | −5.4 (−5.5 to −5.2) | −3.7 (−3.8 to −3.7) | −4.2 (−4.4 to −3.9) | −1.6 (−1.6 to −1.6) |
| High | −4.5 (−4.6 to −4.5) | −4.4 (−4.8 to −4.0) | −6.4 (−6.6 to −6.1) | −2.1 (−2.4 to −1.8) | −2.6 (−2.9 to −2.4) | −0.6 (−0.8 to −0.4) |
| Spain (Barcelona) | ||||||
| Low | −4.4 (−4.6 to −4.2) | −5.6 (−5.7 to −5.5) | −5.3 (−5.7 to −4.8) | −1.9 (−1.9 to −1.8) | −5.2 (−5.6 to −4.7) | −2.0 (−2.0 to −1.9) |
| High | −3.0 (−3.2 to −2.7) | −2.4 (−2.7 to −2.0) | −4.3 (−5.0 to −3.3) | −0.9 (−1.1 to −0.6) | −5.0 (−5.9 to −3.7) | −1.3 (−1.6 to −1.0) |
| Italy (Turin) | ||||||
| Low | −4.7 (−5.0 to −4.4) | −8.5 (−8.7 to −8.4) | −4.6 (−5.1 to −4.1) | −2.4 (−2.5 to −2.3) | −6.0 (−6.5 to −5.3) | −3.3 (−3.4 to −3.2) |
| High | −6.0 (−6.8 to −4.7) | −6.4 (−7.5 to −5.3) | −7.3 (−9.8 to −0.4) | −2.0 (−2.9 to −1.2) | −6.4 (−8.0 to −3.3) | −2.2 (−3.1 to −1.5) |
| Italy (Emilia)§ | ||||||
| Low | −5.6 (−5.9 to −5.3) | −6.0 (−6.2 to −5.8) | −7.0 (−7.8 to −6.2) | −2.4 (−2.6 to −2.2) | −5.2 (−5.7 to −4.5) | −1.5 (−1.6 to −1.4) |
| High | −6.6 (−7.0 to −6.0) | −5.1 (−6.0 to −4.1) | −11.0 (−12.5 to −8.4) | −2.4 (−3.2 to −1.6) | −6.6 (−8.5 to −4.2) | −1.4 (−1.9 to −0.8) |
| Hungary | ||||||
| Low | −2.5 (−2.5 to −2.5) | −16.2 (−16.3 to −16.2) | −1.0 (−1.0 to −1.0) | −2.6 (−2.7 to −2.6) | −4.0 (−4.0 to −3.9) | −7.2 (−7.2 to −7.1) |
| High | −3.1 (−3.1 to −3.0) | −9.9 (−10.6 to −9.3) | −2.3 (−2.4 to −2.2) | −3.3 (−3.7 ot −2.9) | −4.4 (−4.5 to −4.3) | −3.4 (−3.8 to −3.0) |
| Poland§ | ||||||
| Low | −3.0 (−3.0 to −3.0) | −14.1 (−14.2 to −14.1) | −4.5 (−4.5 to −4.4) | −5.8 (−5.9 to −5.8) | −4.6 (−4.7 to −4.6) | −6.1 (−6.1 to −6.1) |
| High | −4.2 (−4.3 to −4.1) | −7.8 (−8.3 to −7.4) | −6.6 (−6.7 to −6.5) | −3.5 (−3.8 to −3.3) | −5.9 (−6.0 to −5.7) | −3.0 (−3.3 to −2.8) |
| Estonia§ | ||||||
| Low | −3.8 (−4.0 to −3.6) | −23.9 (−24.7 to −23.1) | −7.6 (−8.0 to −7.2) | −20.1 (−24.5 to −19.8) | −9.6 (−11.4 to −8.8) | −14.2 (−14.7 to −13.8) |
| High | −5.2 (−5.3 to −5.1) | −12.8 (−13.5 to −12.1) | −8.5 (−8.8 to −8.1) | −8.3 (−8.9 to −7.7) | −11.8 (−12.4 to −11.1) | −7.8 (−8.5 to −7.1) |
| Lithuania§ | ||||||
| Low | −1.0 (−1.1 to −0.8) | −6.1 (−6.9 to −5.4) | −0.4 (−0.5 to −0.2) | −1.3 (−1.8 to −0.7) | −1.0 (−1.2 to −0.8) | −1.8 (−2.1 to −1.4) |
| High | −2.9 (−3.0 to −2.8) | −7.3 (−7.8 to −6.8) | −3.3 (−3.4 to −3.3) | −4.4 (−4.8 to −4.0) | −2.8 (−2.9 to −2.7) | −2.2 (−2.5 to −1.9) |
*Average per annum percent change in mortality.
†Average per annum absolute change in mortality (deaths per 100 000 person-years).
‡Average per annum changes between 2010–2014 and 1995–1999.
§Average per annum changes between 2010–2014 and 2000–2004.