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. 2019 Dec 12;8(12):1627. doi: 10.3390/cells8121627

Table 2.

The core ATG machinery involved in autophagy initiation in yeast, mammals, and plants.

Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Mammal (Homo sapiens) Plant (Arabidopsis thaliana) Function in Autophagy Protein Interactions* Reference
ATG1 complex Atg1 ULK1 ATG1a
ATG1b
ATG1c
ATG1t		 S/T kinase S. cerevisiae Inline graphic [17,32,77,85,86]
Atg13 ATG13 ATG13a
ATG13b		 Regulatory subunit H. sapiens Inline graphic
Atg11
Atg17
Atg29
Atg31		 FIP200
ATG101		 ATG11
ATG101		 Scaffold and regulatory A. thaliana Inline graphic
Class III PI3K complex I Vps34 VPS34 VPS34 PI kinase S. cerevisiae Inline graphic [56,86,87,88]
Vps15 VPS15 VPS15 Scaffold
Vps30/Atg6 BECN1 ATG6 Regulatory subunit H. Sapiens Inline graphic
Atg14 ATG14 ATG14a
ATG14b		 PAS targeting (N.C. in plant)
Atg38 NBRF2 - Activator
ATG9 vesicle Atg9 ATG9A/B ATG9 Phagophore formation and expansion (Autophagosome progression and closure in plant) S. cerevisiae Inline graphic [20,73,90,91,92]
H. Sapiens Inline graphic
A. thaliana Inline graphic
ATG2-ATG18 complex Atg2 ATG2A/B ATG2 PAS targeting and lipid binding S. cerevisiae Inline graphic [47,92,93,94,95]
Atg18 WIPI1/2 ATG18a-h

Abbreviations: ATG, autophagy-related gene; VPS, vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein; PI, phosphatidylinositol; WIPI, WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein; PAS, pre-autophagic structure; N.C., not characterized. *Protein-protein interaction is based on protein structural study and biochemical data.