Substrate stiffness modulates RPC migratory capacity in vitro. (a–e) Wind rose plots of cell trajectories on 0.5, 2, 4, 12, and 50 kPa. At least 30 randomly selected cell trajectories over 3 h are shown for each condition. (f) Average speed of RPCs cultured on substrates with different stiffness. At least thirty randomly selected RPCs were monitored over 3 h for each condition. (g) Mean square displacement (MSD) of RPCs cultured on substrates with different stiffness (n = 90, 36, 45, 32, 46 trajectories for 0.5, 2, 4, 12, and 50, respectively). Data are expressed as mean ± SE. *p < 0.05 using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s or Bonferroni post-hoc test, as appropriate.