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. 2019 Dec 14;8(12):1638. doi: 10.3390/cells8121638

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-insulin receptor (IR) signaling and the regulating of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) by long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA). The activation of IGF-1R, IR or hybrid IR/IGF-1R leads to the activation of two main downstream pathways: 1) RAS-RAF-MAPK/ERK; 2) PI3K-AKT-mTOR, to regulate metabolic processes and tumor growth; the lncRNA inhibits the IGF-1R either directly, or by acting as a sponge for the microRNAs (miRNA) interactors with IGF-1R, or as a platform connecting the interaction molecularly. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that regulate non-kinase signaling or are regulated by IGF-1R warrant further investigation.