Table 2.
Cox model measured hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals of HCC occurrence associated with and without aspirin use and covariates among HCV carriers
| Characteristics | Event no. | Crude | Adjusted | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 278) | HR | (95% CI) | p value | HR | (95% CI) | p value | |
| Aspirin | |||||||
| No | 147 | 1 | reference | 1 | reference | ||
| Yes | 131 | 0.73 | (0.58–0.93) | 0.01 | 0.56 | (0.43–0.72) | < 0.001 |
| Gender | |||||||
| Female | 123 | 1 | reference | 1 | reference | ||
| Male | 155 | 1.55 | (1.23–1.97) | < 0.001 | 1.71 | (1.35–2.18) | < 0.001 |
| Age, years | |||||||
| < 40 | 2 | 1 | reference | 1 | reference | ||
| 40–59 | 58 | 5.83 | (1.42–23.87) | 0.01 | 5.42 | (1.32–22.25) | 0.02 |
| 60–79 | 192 | 15.63 | (3.88–63.02) | < 0.001 | 13.45 | (3.31–54.59) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 80 | 26 | 14.79 | (3.5–62.56) | < 0.001 | 12.24 | (2.87–52.18) | < 0.001 |
| Baseline comorbidity | |||||||
| Hypertension | |||||||
| No | 70 | 1 | reference | 1 | reference | ||
| Yes | 208 | 1.11 | (0.85–1.46) | 0.45 | 1.33 | (0.99–1.79) | 0.06 |
| Diabetes mellitus | |||||||
| No | 169 | 1 | reference | 1 | reference | ||
| Yes | 109 | 0.84 | (0.66–1.06) | 0.15 | 0.81 | (0.63–1.05) | 0.11 |
| Moderate or severe liver disease | |||||||
| No | 275 | 1 | reference | 1 | reference | ||
| Yes | 3 | 0.77 | (0.25–2.39) | 0.65 | 0.83 | (0.26–2.59) | 0.75 |
| Myocardial infarction | |||||||
| No | 269 | 1 | reference | 1 | reference | ||
| Yes | 9 | 0.53 | (0.27–1.03) | 0.06 | 0.59 | (0.3–1.15) | 0.12 |
| Congestive heart failure | |||||||
| No | 230 | 1 | reference | 1 | reference | ||
| Yes | 48 | 0.84 | (0.61–1.15) | 0.27 | 0.87 | (0.63–1.2) | 0.39 |
| Ischemic stroke | |||||||
| No | 126 | 1 | reference | 1 | reference | ||
| Yes | 152 | 0.86 | (0.68–1.09) | 0.21 | 0.83 | (0.64–1.07) | 0.15 |
| Drugs | |||||||
| Anti-hypertensive agents | |||||||
| No | 75 | 1 | reference | 1 | reference | ||
| Yes | 203 | 1.92 | (1.47–2.5) | < 0.001 | 1.94 | (1.45–2.6) | < 0.001 |
| Hypoglycemic agents | |||||||
| No | 265 | 1 | reference | 1 | reference | ||
| Yes | 13 | 0.88 | (0.51–1.54) | 0.67 | 0.85 | (0.48–1.48) | 0.56 |
| Coumadin and heparin | |||||||
| No | 271 | 1 | reference | 1 | reference | ||
| Yes | 7 | 0.61 | (0.29–1.28) | 0.19 | 0.52 | (0.24–1.11) | 0.09 |
| Other antithrombotic agents | |||||||
| No | 232 | 1 | reference | 1 | reference | ||
| Yes | 46 | 1.18 | (0.86–1.62) | 0.30 | 1.06 | (0.76–1.48) | 0.72 |
| NSAIDs | |||||||
| No | 134 | 1 | reference | 1 | reference | ||
| Yes | 144 | 0.83 | (0.66–1.05) | 0.13 | 0.83 | (0.65–1.05) | 0.12 |
Abbreviations: HR Hazard ratio, CI Confidence interval, NSAIDs Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Adjusted HR: adjusted for gender, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, moderate or severe liver disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, ischemic stroke, anti-hypertension agents, hypoglycemic agents, coumadin and heparin, other antithrombotic agents and NSAIDs in Cox proportional hazards regression