Table 2.
Statistical description of independent variables across MSAs & across all years for which outcome data was available
| Variable, Outcome years to which lagged variables were matched (where 1994, 1999, and 2001 are missing) | Mean (SD) | Median (Q25- Q75) | Minimum | Maximum | Data Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Need | |||||
| AIDS diagnosis per 10,000 population, 1997–2007* | 8.88 (7.18) | 6.65 (4.09–1-.40) | 0.68 | 55.59 | CDC AIDS Surveillance, 20101 |
| HIV prevalence rate among PWID, 1996–2006** | 8.09 (6.55) | 5.90 (3.70–10.0) | 1.90 | 43.50 | Tempalski et al., 20092 |
| Resource Availability: General resources | |||||
| Percent of population in poverty (1993–2007)*** | 11.55 (3.47) | 10.98 (9.42–12.88) | 4.34 | 29.20 | US Census Bureau, 19903 |
| Unemployment rate (1993–2007) *** | 5.35 (1.90) | 5.10 (4.20–6.10) | 1.80 | 15.90 | US Census Bureau, 19903 |
| Median household income (1993–2007) *** | 46,505.35 (9040.40) |
44,359.76 (40,225.57–51,088.0) |
29,554.99 | 83,318.0 | US Census Bureau, 19903 |
| Long-term debt per capita, 1993–2007a | 3.65 (1.69) | 3.33 (2.38–4.59) | 0.64 | 10.60 | Surveys of Govt Finances, 20074 |
| Specialized resources | |||||
| Percent community & public health researchers & social workers in the workforce (1993–2007) *** | 0.75 (0.28) | 0.75 (0.62–0.90) | −0.28 | 1.63 | Bureau of Health Professions Area Resource File, 20125 |
| Health expenditures per capita, 1993–2007a | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.04–0.14) | 0.002 | 0.60 | Surveys of Govt Finances, 20074 |
| Institutional Opposition: Legal repressiveness/penalties | |||||
| Drug arrests rate for possession of heroin or cocaine per PWID (1994–2007) ** | 14.10 (11.19) | 11.50 (6.18–18.82) | 0.05 | 69.02 | FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting, 20106 |
| Correction expenditures per capita, 1993–2007a | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.04–0.16) | 0.00 | 0.16 | Surveys of Govt Finances, 20074 |
| Racial structures (1993–2007) *** | |||||
| Ratio of Black to White median household income | 0.71 (0.15) | 0.70 (0.62–0.76) | 0.24 | 1.32 | Center on Comparative Urban & Regional Research (CCURR), 20007 |
| Ratio of Black to White poverty | 3.37 (0.93) | 3.37 (2.78–3.86) | 0.63 | 7.15 | CCURR, 20007 |
| Ratio of Black to White unemployment | 2.60 (0.59) | 2.57 (2.21–2.94) | 0.85 | 5.19 | CCURR, 20007 |
| Institutional Support: “Liberalism” of public policies | |||||
| Right-to-work-state, 1993a | Yes = 37%; No = 63% | 0 | 1.0 | Right to Work Legal Defense, 20008 | |
| Education expenditures per capita, 1993–2007a | 1.28 (0.31) | 1.23 (1.06–1.45) | 0.63 | 3.53 | Surveys of Govt Finances, 20074 |
| Pressure from below | |||||
| Number of types of “early” groups per 10,000 population, 1993a | 0.003 (0.004) | 0.00 (0.00–0.005) | 0.00 | 0.02 | NAMM,1993; Brown & Beschner, 1993; NIDA, 20019 |
| Service symbiosis | |||||
| Ever had syringe exchange program, since 1993a | Yes = 47%; No = 53% | 0 | 1.0 | Beth Israel Medical Center; 200010 | |
* 5 year lag; ** 4 year lag; *** 3 year lag; a no lag associated with variable
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Request data CDC AIDS Surveillance Data, 2010. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2 HIV Prevalence Rates as estimates by Tempalski, B., Pouget, E.R., Cleland, C.M., et al. (2013). Trends in the population prevalence of people who inject drugs in US Metropolitan Areas 1992–2007. PLoS ONE, 8 (6) e64789
3 US Census Bureau (1990) Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division: Poverty Index. In: Bureau UC, editor. Washington, DC
4 US Census of Governments. County area finances file, 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau; 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007
5 Health Area Resources and Services Administration, Health Professional Shortage Area Website: http://www.hrsa.gov/shortage/. 2012
6 U.S. Department of Justice. Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics. County-level detailed arrest and offense data. 1993–2010
7 University at Albany, Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research. 1990 race and residential segregation statistics. Available at: http://mumfordl.dyndns.org/cen2000/data.html. Accessed December 15, 2006
8 National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation, http://www.nrtw.org/rtws.htm
9 Group types are: (1) chapters of National Association of Methadone Advocates by the end of 1993, or (2) presence of an “early outreach project,” defined as a participant in the NIDA-funded NADR or Cooperative Agreement projects
10 Beth Israel National Survey of Syringe Exchange Programs [database]. New York, NY: Beth Israel Medical Center; 1993–2007