Table 1.
Characteristics of the eligible studies
| Study (year) | Study design | Years enrolled | Study region | Case/control, n | Male sex, case/control, n |
Mean age (SD or range), case/control, years |
Drug resistance pattern | Risk of biasa | Outcomes of interest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pena et al. (1995) | Case- control | 1988–1992 | Spain | 27/54 | 15/24 | N/A | Ciprofloxacin-resistant | 3/1/2/6 | Age, underlying diseases, acquisition, source of infection, immunosuppressive drugs, prior quinolones, prior other antibiotics |
| Garau et al. (1999) | Case- control | 1992–1997 | Spain | 70/502 | 44/264 | 70.2(13)/ 65.8(18.4) | Ciprofloxacin-resistant | 4/2/2/8 | Age, sex, underlying disease, acquisition, source of infection, urinary catheter, prior antibiotic use, prior quinolone use, mortality |
| Cheong et al. (2001) | Case- control | 1993–1998 | Korea | 40/80 | 28/33 | 51/54 | Norfloxacin or ciprofloxacin-resistant | 4/1/2/7 | Age, sex, chronic underlying disease, source of bacteremia, urinary catheter, prior antibiotic use acquisition, APACHE II score, duration of antibiotic treatment, death |
| Sotto et al. (2001) | Case- control | 1998–1999 | France | 17/303 | 7/67 | N/A | Norfloxacin, pefloxacin, ofloxacin, or ciprofloxacin-resistant | 4/1/2/7 | Age, sex, unit of hospitalization, urinary catheter, nosocomial acquisition, prior hospitalization, prior UTI, prior urinary catheter, prior antibiotic exposure |
| Eom et al. (2001) | Case- control | 1996–2000 | Korea | 60/80 | 16/24 | 58/40 | Ciprofloxacin-resistant | 4/1/2/7 | Age, sex, UTIs, chronic underlying illness, urinary catheter, neurogenic bladder, recurrent UTI, previous admission, operation, prior use of fluoroquinolone, prior use of other antibiotics, duration of previous antibiotics, site of acquisition, hospitals, mortality |
| Lautenbach et al. (2002) | Case- control | 1998–1999 | USA | 123/70 | 52/20 | 75 (32–100)/ 67 (22–99) | Levofloxacin-resistant | 4/2/2/8 | Age, hospital, admitted from long-term care facility, race, admitted from outside hospital diarrhea, sex, APACHE II score, hospitalized in past 30 d, hospital duration, central venous catheter, urinary catheter, mechanical ventilation, patient location |
| Huotari et al. (2003) | Case- control | 1997–1999 | Finland | 51/102 | 21/31 | 62.6 (20–90)/ 67.1 (21–96) | Norfloxacin or ciprofloxacin-resistant | 4/1/1/6 | Age, time from admission to isolation in days, sex, prior fluoroquinolone therapy, prior therapy with other antimicrobial agent, urinary tract abnormalities, immunosuppression, surgery, organ transplant |
| Killgore et al. (2004) | Case- control | 2001.01–12 | USA | 40/80 | 7/11 | 61 (59)/ 51 (53) | Ciprofloxacin-resistant | 4/1/2/7 | Age, sex, urinary tract symptoms, previous ciprofloxacin use, previous use of quinolone, previous use of other antibiotic, urinary tract abnormality, catheter, comorbidity, previous surgery, previous hospitalization, recurrent UTI |
| Maslow et al. (2005) | Case- control | 2002.02–07 | USA | 25/24 | 24/23 | 73 (38–87)/ 65.5 (42–98) | Fluoroquinolone-resistant | 4/1/1/6 | prior hospitalization, duration of residence in facility, decubitus ulcer, low ambulatory status, fluoroquinolone use, prior metronidazole use |
| Colodner et al. (2008) | Case- control | 2005.07–10 | Israel | 150/150 | 16/37 | 57 (18–92)/ 71 (19–94) | Ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin-resistant | 4/1/1/6 | Age, sex, prior hospitalization, clinical status (dementia, other neurological disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, cardiovascular disease, etc) |
| Johnson et al. (2008) | Case- control | 1998–2005 | USA | 41/82 | N/A | 55.9/55.4 | Levofloxacin-resistant | 4/2/2/8 | Diabetes, congestive heart failure, any catheter use, any levofloxacin use, or any surgical procedure |
| Lin et al. (2008) | Case- control | 1999.09–12 | China | 61/122 | 24/35 | 62.4 (22.1)/ 48.2 (28.2) | Ciprofloxacin-resistant | 3/1/2/6 | Demographic characteristics, underlying disease, medical devices, antibiotics administration |
| Lautenbach et al. (2009) | Case- control | 2002–2004 | USA | 89/685 | 54/363 | 66 (54–74)/ 61 (49–73) # | Levofloxacin-resistant | 4/1/1/6 | Age, sex, race, prior hospitalization, comorbidities, prior antimicrobial use |
| Rooney et al. (2009) | Cohort studyd | 2004–2006 | UK | 119/175 | 28/44 | N/A | Ciprofloxacin-resistant | 3/1/2/6 | MRSA or infection, antibiotic use, rimethoprim use, fluoroquinolone use, UTI, hospitalization, catheter use |
| Yagci et al. (2009) | Cohort study | N/A | Turkey | 32/104 | 12/41 | 51(13)/ 57(16) | Ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, or levofloxacin-resistant | 2/1/2/5 | Age, sex, race, comorbidities, fluoroquinolone use, hospitalization |
| Jang et al. (2011) | Cohort study | 2005–2009 | Korea | 509/192 | N/A | N/A | Levofloxacin-resistant | 2/1/2/5 | medical history, underlying disease, status of urinary catheterization |
| van et al. (2011) | Case- control | 2004–2009 | The Netherlands | 51/369 | 18/119 | 71 (54–80)/ 66 (44–78) # | Ciprofloxacin-resistant | 4/1/2/7 | Age, sex, comorbidities, UTI, hospitalisation, residence in nursing home, antimicrobial use, patient environment characteristics |
| Smithson et al. (2012) | Case- control | 2008–2011 | Spain | 52/101 | N/A | 66(16.6)/ 58(16.9) | Ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin-resistant | 4/1/2/7 | Age, HA-UTI, comorbidities, previous antibiotic treatment |
| Bailey et al. (2013) | Cohort study | 2009–2011 | USA | 39/183 | 13/28 | N/A | Levofloxacin-resistant | 2/1/2/5 | Sex, race, comorbidities, home use of antibiotics, surgical procedures |
| Han et al. (2013) | Cohort study | 2002–2004 | USA | 73/322 | 36/180 | 63.2(17.6)/ 61.3(15.1) | Levofloxacin-resistant | 3/1/2/6 | Age, sex, race, surgical procedures, residence in nursing home, comorbidities |
| Bedoin et al. (2014) | Cohort study | 2011–2012 | France | 60/284 | 0/0 | 76.6/70.2 | Ofloxacin-resistant | 2/2/3/7 | Demographic data, administrative data, clinical data, therapeutic data |
| Kim et al. (2014) | Case- control | 2000–2011 | Korea | 26/56 | 19/40 | 58.2 (9.6)/ 57.8 (10.4) | Ciprofloxacin-resistant | 4/1/2/7 | Age, sex, cause of cirrhosis, Child-Pugh classification, comorbidities, use of antibiotics, hospitalization, mortality |
| Park et al. (2014) | Cohort study | 2012.04–06 | Korea | 67/162 | 0/0 | 71 (59–77)/ 67 (50–76) # | Ciprofloxacin- resistant | 3/2/2/7 | Age, comorbidities, bed-ridden state, use of antibiotics, APN, UTI, isolation of CIP-resistant E. coli in the urine |
| Jadoon et al. (2015) | Cohort study | 2011–2012 | Pakistan | 66/100 | N/A | N/A | Ciprofloxacin- resistant | 3/1/3/7 | Recurrent UTI, history of prior use of ciprofloxacin, diabetes mellitus, immuno-suppressive agent use, history of catheterization |
| Kratochwill et al. (2015) | Cohort study | 2011–2014 | USA | 100/100 | 19/10 | 52.6 (21.7)/ 38.0 (18.4) | Ciprofloxacin-resistant | 4//1/2/7 | Previous antibiotic use, residence in nursing home, chronic indwelling catheter, recent hospitalization, recurrent UTIs, male sex, age |
| Saade et al. (2016) | Cohort study | 2000–2013 | USA | 428/59041 | N/A | 64.9 (25–97)/ 65.0 (44–93) | Ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin-resistant | 4/2/2/8 | Age, diabetes, history of a culture positive for FQ-resistant E. coli, admission, fluoroquinolone use, other antibiotic use |
| Mulder et al. (2017) | Case- control | 2000–2006 | The Netherlands | 110/970 | 28/185 | 79 (52)/ 73 (65) | Ciprofloxacin-resistant | 4/1/2/7 | Age, sex, BMI, kidney function, diabetes, SES, fluoroquinolone use, timing of last fluoroquinolone prescription, duration of last prescription |
a Cohort and case-control studies were assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The scores are presented as selection/comparability/outcome/total score
# Age, median (IQR), years
Abbreviations: N/A not applicable, AC acute-care, IC intermediate-term-care, LC long-term-care (> 1 month), UTI urinary tract infections, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, APACHE Acute Physiology, and Chronic Health Evaluation, MRSA ethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, HA-UTI healthcare-associated urinary tract infection, APN acute pyelonephritis, BMI body mass index, SES socioeconomic status