Comparison 5. Valproate vs lithium.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Response rate (adults)	3		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
1.1 at 3 weeks	3	356	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.80 [0.48, 1.35]
2 Response rate (children and adolescents)	1		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
2.1 at 8 weeks	1	197	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.57 [0.31, 1.07]
3 Number with any adverse event (adults)	2		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
3.1 Adults	2	164	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.61 [0.25, 1.50]
4 Individual adverse events (adults)	1		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
4.1 Asthenia	1	105	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.62 [0.21, 1.83]
4.2 Constipation	1	105	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.56 [0.17, 1.83]
4.3 Diarrhoea	1	105	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.25, 2.69]
4.4 Dizziness	1	105	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	2.09 [0.54, 8.02]
4.5 Fever	1	105	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.09 [0.01, 0.81]
4.6 Headache	1	105	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.44 [0.18, 1.05]
4.7 Nausea	1	105	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.69 [0.28, 1.69]
4.8 Pain	1	105	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	8.12 [1.02, 64.86]
4.9 Sedation	1	105	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.96 [0.35, 2.67]
4.10 Twitching	1	105	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.05, 2.06]
4.11 Vomiting	1	105	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.51 [0.19, 1.39]
5 Individual adverse events (children and adolescents)	1		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
5.1 Abdominal pain	1	190	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.58 [0.31, 1.07]
5.2 Appetite increase	1	190	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.73 [0.37, 1.43]
5.3 Diarrhoea	1	190	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.84 [0.78, 4.37]
5.4 Dry mouth/excessive thirst	1	190	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.34 [0.17, 0.65]
5.5 Nasal congestion	1	190	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.36 [0.70, 2.64]
5.6 Enuresis	1	190	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.49, 2.04]
5.7 Fever	1	190	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.68 [0.54, 5.22]
5.8 Frequent urination	1	190	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.45 [0.22, 0.93]
5.9 Nausea	1	190	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.60 [0.32, 1.13]
5.10 Rash	1	190	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	2.54 [0.87, 7.43]
5.11 Sedation	1	190	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.59 [0.84, 3.00]
5.12 Vomiting	1	190	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.49 [0.22, 1.11]
5.13 Weight gain	1	190	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.35 [0.73, 2.49]
5.14 Weight loss	1	190	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.19 [0.63, 2.26]
6 Change in symptom severity (adults)	2		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
6.1 at 3 weeks	2	57	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.69 [0.14, 1.25]
7 Clinical response on MSRS ‐ Frequency (adults)	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
7.1 at 3 weeks	1	30	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	7.80 [‐2.11, 17.71]
8 Change in symptom severity (children and adolescents)	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
8.1 at 8 weeks	1	190	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.40 [‐2.03, 4.83]
9 Dropout rate (adults)	3		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
9.1 Adverse events	1	105	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.49 [0.12, 2.10]
9.2 Inefficacy	2	164	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.89 [0.42, 1.88]
9.3 Other	2	164	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.60 [0.26, 1.39]
9.4 All cause	3	388	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.83 [0.47, 1.45]
10 Dropout rate (children and adolescents)	1		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
10.1 Adverse events	1	197	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.12, 1.46]
10.2 Other	1	197	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.92 [0.47, 1.81]
10.3 All cause	1	197	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.74 [0.39, 1.37]