Pathak 1969.

Methods	Placebo‐controlled; 2 parallel groups
Participants	Inclusion: bacteriuria (> 100,000 bacteria/mL x 2) Exclusion: > 24 weeks' gestation; BP > 130/90 mmHg Setting: Kingston, Jamaica
Interventions	Nitrofurantoin 100 mg twice a day x 3 weeks; 400 mg in 4 doses for further 4 days for those who did not respond (6 women), (N = 76) vs identical appearing placebo (N = 76)
Outcomes	Persistence of bacteriuria (at end of pregnancy); pyelonephritis (criteria not described) Postpartum bacteriuria (3 to 9 months): 6/24 treatment vs 16/45 placebo
Notes	12/88 women in treatment group and 14/90 in control group not included in analysis (treated for positive treponemal serology N = 21; defaulted from clinic N = 5) Rates for preterm birth/fetal loss only presented by bacteriuric status, not treatment group Rates for postpartum bacteriuria available for 69 women Dates of study: not stated Funding sources: Norwich Pharmacal Company, Norwich, New York; National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health service (R 01‐HD 02139‐05) Declarations of interest: none reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	"on a random basis". Insufficient information provided to permit further judgement.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method of concealment not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No information provided to permit judgement.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No information provided to permit judgement.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Missing outcome data balanced; reasons similar and unlikely to have introduced bias.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	No pregnancy outcomes (gestational age, birthweight)
Other bias	Low risk	The study appears to be free of other sources of bias.
Overall Risk of Bias	Unclear risk	Unclear overall