Biglycan induces the expression of HSP70 which subsequently binds to NOX2 and potentiates biglycan-mediated IL-1β production. (A) Quantitative RT-PCR for Hsp70 mRNA expression in WT, Tlr2−/−, Tlr4−/− and Tlr2−/−/Tlr4-m macrophages after biglycan (4 μg/ml) stimulation for 1, 2, 4, and 6 h, normalized to Gapdh and given as fold induction to untreated control; n = 5. (B) Quantitative RT-PCR for II1β mRNA expression in WT macrophages after stimulation with biglycan (4 μg/ml) for 1, 2, 4, and 6 h, normalized to Gapdh and given as fold induction to untreated control; n = 5. (C) Co-immunoprecipitation of NOX2 with HSP70 from lysates of WT macrophages after stimulation with biglycan for 1 h and treatment with HSP70 inhibitor PES (200 μM); n = 3. (D) ELISA for mature IL-1β in cell culture media from WT macrophages before and after 16 h biglycan and PES stimulation; n = 5. All data are given as means ± S.D.; *P < 0.05.